1. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. written by Bridget Melton, Georgia Southern University Lecture Outline Chapter 9 Managing Your Weight: Finding a Healthy Balance

2. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Objectives Define overweight and obesity, describe the current epidemic of overweight/obesity in the United States, and understand risk factors associated with these weight problems. Explain why so many people are obsessed with thinness. Discuss reliable options for determining percent body fat and the right weight for you.

3. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Objectives (cont.) Describe factors that place people at risk for problems with obesity. Distinguish between factors that can and cannot be controlled. Discuss the roles of exercise, diet, lifestyle modification, fad diets, and other strategies of weight control, and which methods are most effective. Describe major eating disorders, explain their health risks, and indicate the factors that make people susceptible to them.

4. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Obesity Trends Over the past 20 years, the United States has become known as one of the fattest nations on Earth. Sixty-six percent of American adults are overweight. Seventy-two million are categorized as obese. Obesity rates have risen a lot in nearly every state. Mississippi is the heaviest state. Colorado is ranked as the least heavy.

5. Obesity Trends among U.S. Adults, 1985, 1996, and 2007 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

6. Determining the Right Weight for You Overweight: increased body weight in relation to height Body mass index (BMI): a formula for weight assessment based on a weight-to-height relationship Obesity Mild: 20 to 40 percent over ideal weight Moderate: 41 to 99 percent over ideal weight Severe, morbid, or gross: 100 percent or more

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8. Assessing Fat Levels Body mass index (BMI) Weight (kg) / height squared (m 2 ) Healthy weight is a BMI of 19 to 25. Overweight is a BMI of 25 or more. Obese is a BMI of 30 or more.

9. Body Mass Index: Are You at a Healthy Weight? Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. Waist Circumference and Ratio Measurements Waist circumference should be less than: Men: 40 inches Women: 35 inches Waist-to-hip ratio should be less than: Men: 1.0 Women: 0.8

11. Overview of Various Body Composition Assessment Methods Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

12. Overview of Various Body Composition Assessment Methods (cont.) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

13. Factors Contributing to Obesity Heredity Body type and genes Twin studies Observe twins separated at birth and raised in different environments Specific obesity genes Ob gene

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15. Physiological and Hormonal Factors Basal metabolic rate (BMR) Set-point theory Hunger hormones Satiety Hunger Appetite Fat cells Hyperplasia is an excessive number of fat cells. Hypertrophy is the ability of existing fat cells to swell and shrink.

16. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Activity Break: Environmental Factors List environmental factors that can directly or indirectly contribute to obesity. 1 to 2 minutes We will compile a list.

17. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Environmental Factors Bombardment with advertising (high-calorie foods, super-sized portions, etc.) Changes in the number of working women Bottle feeding of infants Misleading food labels Increased opportunities for eating

18. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Psychosocial Factors Big contributors Physical activity Smoking Additional factors Food used as a reward Comfort foods Social ritual Clock as a guide for “time to eat”

19. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Gender Differences Men Ideal is a total body fat of 11 to 15 percent Women Ideal is a total body fat of 18 to 22 percent

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21. Risk Factors for Obesity Higher in minorities, especially women Environmental factors Advertising Fast food Bottle feeding infants Misleading food labels Sedentary lifestyles Automated equipment Computer and TV use Decline in physical education requirements in schools

22. One Person at Various Stages of Weight Loss Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

23. Managing Your Weight Keep weight control in perspective. Understand calories. Include exercise. Improve eating habits. Select a nutritional plan.

24. The Concept of Energy Balance Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

25. Selecting a Nutritional Plan Set realistic goals. Reward yourself for meeting goals. Seek assistance in selecting a dietary plan. Stick to it.

26. The “Eat” Response Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

27. ABC News Video: Food Diary Diet Writing Discussion Questions 1.What is the best way to manage weight? 2.Is it possible to wake up one day and decide to lose weight and be successful? What are necessary steps to making this type of decision and following-through? | Food Diary Diet Writing

28. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Considering Drastic Weight-Loss Measures Miracle diets, fasting, starvation, or other very low– calorie diets (VLCDs) have been shown to cause serious health risks. Low-calorie intake forces the body to convert fat into energy, a process called ketosis. Drug treatment can mean health risks over time. Surgery may be the only option for some, but health risks do exist.

29. Weight-Loss Surgery Alters the Normal Anatomy of the Stomach Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

30. Trying to Gain Weight Eat at regularly scheduled times. Eat more. Supplement your diet. Eat with people you are comfortable with. Avoid diuretics. Relax.

31. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Thinking Thin: Body Image Distortion Waiflike celebrities set the standard for what we find attractive. “Thin is best” message Social bias against the overweight Obese people are increasingly stigmatized Social physique anxiety (SPA) is the desire to look good and has a destructive or disabling effect on one’s ability to function effectively in interactions with others.

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33. Eating Disorders Anorexia nervosa Refusal to maintain normal body weight An intense fear of gaining weight A distorted body image The absence of at least three menstrual cycles Bulimia nervosa Repeated eating binges and rapid consumption of large amounts of food, stopping only because of severe abdominal pain or sleep Binge eating disorder (BED)

34. The Eating Issues and Body Image Continuum Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

35. Who’s at Risk? Women age 12 to 25 Men represent up to 25 percent of anorexia nervosa and bulimia patients; 40 percent of binge eaters Apparent common factors Have a need to win approval Are clinically depressed Suffer from obsessive-compulsive disorder Have low self-esteem and a negative body image

36. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Treatment for Eating Disorders Reduce the threat to life and stabilize patient. Begin long-term therapy that involves family, friends, and significant others. Focus on psychological, social, environment, and physiological factors. Join support groups that help the family and patient.