1. Lysosomes: Digestive Compartments
A lysosome is a membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest macromolecules
Lysosomal enzymes can hydrolyze proteins, fats, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids
Animation: Lysosome Formation
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

2. A lysosome fuses with the food vacuole and digests the molecules
Some types of cell can engulf another cell by phagocytosis; this forms a food vacuole
A lysosome fuses with the food vacuole and digests the molecules
Lysosomes also use enzymes to recycle the cell’s own organelles and macromolecules, a process called autophagy
For the Cell Biology Video Phagocytosis in Action, go to Animation and Video Files.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

3. two damaged organelles 1 µm
Fig. 6-14
Nucleus
1 µm
Vesicle containing
two damaged organelles
1 µm
Mitochondrion
fragment
Peroxisome
fragment
Lysosome
Digestive
enzymes
Lysosome
Lysosome
Plasma
membrane
Peroxisome
Figure 6.14a Lysosomes
Digestion
Food vacuole
Mitochondrion
Digestion
Vesicle
(a) Phagocytosis
(b) Autophagy

4. Nucleus 1 µm Lysosome Digestive enzymes Lysosome Plasma membrane
Fig. 6-14a
Nucleus
1 µm
Lysosome
Digestive enzymes
Lysosome
Figure 6.14a Lysosome—phagocytosis
Plasma membrane
Digestion
Food vacuole
(a) Phagocytosis

5. two damaged organelles 1 µm
Fig. 6-14b
Vesicle containing
two damaged organelles
1 µm
Mitochondrion fragment
Peroxisome fragment
Lysosome
Figure 6.14b Lysosomes—autophagy
Peroxisome
Mitochondrion
Digestion
Vesicle
(b) Autophagy

6. The Endomembrane System: A Review
The endomembrane system is a complex and dynamic player in the cell’s compartmental organization
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

7. Nucleus Rough ER Smooth ER Plasma membrane Fig. 6-16-1
Figure 6.16 Review: relationships among organelles of the endomembrane system
Plasma membrane

8. Nucleus Rough ER Smooth ER cis Golgi Plasma membrane trans Golgi
Fig
Nucleus
Rough ER
Smooth ER
cis Golgi
Figure 6.16 Review: relationships among organelles of the endomembrane system
Plasma membrane
trans Golgi

9. Nucleus Rough ER Smooth ER cis Golgi Plasma membrane trans Golgi
Fig
Nucleus
Rough ER
Smooth ER
cis Golgi
Figure 6.16 Review: relationships among organelles of the endomembrane system
Plasma membrane
trans Golgi

10. Mitochondria and chloroplasts
Are not part of the endomembrane system
Have a double membrane
Have proteins made by free ribosomes
Contain their own DNA
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

11. Mitochondria: Chemical Energy Conversion
Mitochondria are in nearly all eukaryotic cells
They have a smooth outer membrane and an inner membrane folded into cristae
The inner membrane creates two compartments: intermembrane space and mitochondrial matrix
Some metabolic steps of cellular respiration are catalyzed in the mitochondrial matrix
Cristae present a large surface area for enzymes that synthesize ATP
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

12. in the mitochondrial matrix
Fig. 6-17
Intermembrane space
Outer membrane
Free ribosomes
in the mitochondrial matrix
Inner membrane
Cristae
Figure 6.17 The mitochondrion, site of cellular respiration
Matrix
0.1 µm

13. Chloroplasts: Capture of Light Energy
The chloroplast is a member of a family of organelles called plastids
Chloroplasts contain the green pigment chlorophyll, as well as enzymes and other molecules that function in photosynthesis
Chloroplasts are found in leaves and other green organs of plants and in algae
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

14. Chloroplast structure includes:
Thylakoids, membranous sacs, stacked to form a granum
Stroma, the internal fluid
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

15. Inner and outer membranes
Fig. 6-18
Ribosomes
Stroma
Inner and outer membranes
Granum
1 µm
Thylakoid
Figure 6.18 The chloroplast, site of photosynthesis

16. Overview: Life at the Edge
The plasma membrane is the boundary that separates the living cell from its surroundings
The plasma membrane exhibits selective permeability, allowing some substances to cross it more easily than others
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

17. Cellular membranes are fluid mosaics of lipids and proteins
Phospholipids are the most abundant lipid in the plasma membrane
Phospholipids are amphipathic molecules, containing hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions
The fluid mosaic model states that a membrane is a fluid structure with a “mosaic” of various proteins embedded in it
For the Cell Biology Video Structure of the Cell Membrane, go to Animation and Video Files.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

18. WATER Hydrophilic head Hydrophobic tail WATER Fig. 7-2
Figure 7.2 Phospholipid bilayer (cross section)
Hydrophobic
tail
WATER

19. Phospholipid bilayer Hydrophobic regions of protein Hydrophilic
Fig. 7-3
Phospholipid
bilayer
Figure 7.3 The fluid mosaic model for membranes
Hydrophobic regions
of protein
Hydrophilic
regions of protein

20. Fig. 7-7 Fibers of extracellular matrix (ECM) Glyco- Carbohydrate
protein
Carbohydrate
Glycolipid
EXTRACELLULAR
SIDE OF
MEMBRANE
Figure 7.7 The detailed structure of an animal cell’s plasma membrane, in a cutaway view
Cholesterol
Microfilaments
of cytoskeleton
Peripheral
proteins
Integral
protein
CYTOPLASMIC SIDE
OF MEMBRANE

21. Discussion Questions A Panoramic View of the Cell
Distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Explain why there are both upper and lower limits to cell size.
Explain the advantages of compartmentalization in eukaryotic cells.

22. Chapter Review
Inside of every cell there is some type of organization that allows cells to perform it’s life functions. Some cells are more complicated that others. In this assignment you will need to explain:
a. the process by which a cell takes mRNA (a code for an enzyme) from the nucleus .
b. converts it to an enzyme.
c. and transports it outside the cell.
a. the process by which Starch is taken into the cell.
b. Broken down (digested).
c. What organelle is it taken to and Why?
a. What is the difference between Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes.
b. In what type of cell would you find Plastids, Vacuoles and what’s their function.
c. In what type of cells would you find Cilia and Flagella and what’s their function.
Unicellular
Multicellular
Levels of Organization
Metabolisms
Organelles
Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Bodies
Mitochondria
Nucleus
Vacuoles
Centrioles
Plastids
Chloroplasts
Chlorophyll
Lysosomes
Cilia
Flagella
Symbiotic Theory

23. Vacuoles?
Fluid filled, membrane bound structures for storage.

24. Cytoskeleton? Gives support and shape to the cell. 2 Parts
1. Microfilaments = protein strands (actin & myosin)
- Contractile proteins – support and help in cell movement.
2. Microtubules = long thick proteins that stretch form the cell membrane to the nucleus. Help organelles move with in the cell

25. Centrioles – Cilia / Flagella
Centrioles = used in cell division (made of microtubules)
Play
Cilia and Flagella – microtubules surrounded by the cell membrane extending outside the cell used for locomotion

26. Evolution of Eukaryotes
Symbiotic Theory?
Symbiosis?
2 organisms living in close association.
Prokaryotic Characteristics?
No Nucleus
DNA = single, double stranded, circular chromosomes
No membrane bound organelles, but do have ribosomes (smaller)
Mitochondria and Chloroplasts?
Contain their own DNA, RNA and ribosomes that are similar to Prokaryotes.
Ribosomes?
Smaller in Prokaryotes yet similar enzymes for making proteins and Nucleic Acids
It’s Logical but incomplete. Why?
Nuclear Membrane?
Various Membrane bound structures?
And other eukaryotic structures?

27. Symbiotic Theory