1. Chapter 5: Digestive System
Alimentary Canal
Gastrointestinal Tract

2. In this chapter you will
Name the organs of the digestive system and describe their locations and functions.
Define combining forms for organs and the meaning of related terminology using these word parts.

3. Functions of the Digestive System
Ingestion
Digestion
Absorption
Elimination

4. Anatomy and Physiology

5. Oral Cavity (p. 143) gums teeth Mastication Deglutition Papillae
hard palate
soft palate
uvula
tonsils
cheek
tongue
lip

6. Teeth p. 143 central incisor lateral incisor canine first premolar
second premolar
first molar
second molar
third molar
wisdom tooth

7. Tooth p. 144
enamel
crown
dentin
pulp
root

8. Salivary Glands p. 145 Parotid gland Sublingual gland Submandibular

9. Gastrointestinal Tract p. 146
esophagus
liver
gallbladder
stomach
duodenum

10. Gastrointestinal Tract p. 146
liver
gallbladder
stomach
duodenum
pancreas
transverse
colon
jejunum
descending
colon
ascending
colon
ileum
sigmoid
colon
cecum
rectum
appendix
anus

11. Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas (p. 149)
common bile
duct
pancreatic
duct
duodenum
pancreas

12. Liver Besides producing bile and releasing bilirubin, the liver:
helps maintain normal blood glucose levels
manufactures blood proteins necessary for clotting
removes toxins and poisons from the blood

13. Pathway of Food Through GI Tract – page 151

14. Chapter 5
Terminology P

15. perianal peri- surroungd an/o: anus -al - pertaining to
Pertaining to surrounding the anus

16. appendectomy append/o: appendix -ectomy
Surgical removal of the appendix

17. appendicitis appendic/o: appendix -itis: inflammation
Inflammation of the appendix

18. buccal mucosa
bucc/o: cheek
-al
The mucous membrane lining the cheek

19. cecal cec/o: cecum (where the small and large intestines connect) -al
Pertaining to the cecum

20. celiac
celi/o: abdomen, belly
-ac
Pertaining to the abdomen

21. cheilosis cheil/o: lip -osis: abnormal condition
Abnormal condition of the lip

22. cholecystectomy cholecyst/o: gallbladder -ectomy
Removal of the gallbladder

23. choledochotomy choledoch/o: common bile duct -tomy:
Incision of the common bile duct

24. colostomy col/o: colon (large intestine) -stomy
New opening of the colon to the outside of the body

26. colonic
colon/o: colon (large intestine)
-ic
Pertaining to the colon

27. colonoscopy
colon/o
-scopy
Process of visual examination of the colon

28. dentibuccal dent/i: teeth bucc/o: cheek -al
Pertaining to tooth and cheek

29. duodenal duoden/o: duodenum (first part of the small intestine) -al:
Pertaining to the duodenum

30. enterocolitis enter/o – small intestine col/o – large intestine
-itis - inflammation
Inflammation of the small and large intestines

31. enterocolostomy enter/o - small intestine col/o – large intestine
-stomy – new opening
New opening between the small and large intestines

32. mesentery mes/o: middle enter/o
Membrane that holds the intestines together
Literally: middle of the intestines

33. parenteral par-: apart from, abnormal enter/o - intestines -al
Pertaining to apart from the intestines
Delivery of substances any way other than through the digestive tract

35. esophageal
esophag/o: esophagus
-eal
Pertaining to the esophagus

36. facial
faci/o: face
-al
Pertaining to the face

37. gastrostomy gastr/o -stomy
New opening into the stomach through the abdominal wall
May be necessary to introduce food into the stomach

38. PEG – percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy

39. gingivitis
gingiv/o: gums
-itis
Inflammation of the gums

40. hypoglossal
hypo-
gloss/o
-al
Pertaining to under the tongue

41. hepatoma
hepat/o
-oma
Tumor of the liver
Malignant

42. hepatomegaly
hepat/o
-megaly
Enlargement of the liver

43. ileocecal sphincter ile/o: ileum cec/o: cecum -al
Sphincter: ring of muscles
Pertaining to the ring of muscles between the ileum and the cecum

44. ileitis
ile/o - ileum
-itis - inflammation
Inflammation of the ileum

45. ileostomy ile/o - ileum -stomy - new opening
New opening of the ileum to the outside of the body

47. choledochojejunostomy
choledoch/o – common bile duct
jejun/o - jejunum
-stomy – new opening
New opening between the common bile duct and the jejunum

48. gastrojejunostomy gastr/o - stomach jejun/o: jejunum
-stomy - new opening
New opening between the stomach and the jejunum

49. labial
labi/o: lip
-al
Pertaining to the lip

50. laparoscopy lapar/o - abdomen -scopy - visual examination
Visual examination of the abdomen

52. sublingual sub-: under, below lingu/o: tongue -al
Pertaining to under the tongue

54. submandibular sub- mandibul/o: mandible (lower jaw bone) -ar
Pertaining to under the lower jaw

55. orthodontist orth/o: straight odont/o: tooth -ist
Dentist specializing in straightening teeth

56. periodontist
peri-
odont/o
-ist
Dentist specializing in gums

57. endodontist endo- within odont/o -ist
Dentist specializing in operating within the tooth
root canal specialist

58. oral
or/o: mouth
-al
Pertaining to the mouth

59. palatoplasty palat/o: palate (roof of the mouth) -plasty
Surgical repair of the palate

60. pancreatitis
pancrat/o: pancreas
-itis
Inflammation of the pancreas

61. peritonitis peritone/o: peritoneum -itis
Inflammation of the peritoneum

62. pharyngeal
pharyng/o: pharynx
-eal
Pertaining to the throat

63. proctologist proct/o: anus and rectum log/o: study of -ist: specialist
Specialist in the study of anus and rectum

64. pyloroplasty pylor/o: pylorus, pyloric sphincter -plasty
Surgical repair of the pyloric sphincter

65. rectocele
rect/o: rectum
-cele: hernia
Hernia of the rectum

66. sialadenitis sialaden/o: salivary gland -itis
Inflammation of salivary glands

67. sigmoidoscopy sigmoid/o: sigmoid colon -scopy
Visual examination of the sigmoid colon

68. stomatitis
stomat/o: mouth
-itis
Inflammation of the mouth

69. amylase
amyl/o: starch
-ase: enzyme
Enzyme that digests starch

70. biliary
bil/i: bile
-ary
Pertaining to bile

71. hyperbilirubinemia hyper- bilirubin/o: bilirubin -emia
Excess bilirubin in the blood

72. cholelithiasis chol/e: bile, gall lith/o: stone
-iasis: abnormal condition
Abnormal condition of gall stones

73. achlorhydria a- without, lack of chlorhydr/o: hydrochloric acid -ia
Pertaining to a lack of hydrochloric acid

74. gluconeogenesis gluc/o – sugar ne/o – new
-genesis – production/formation
Production of new sugar
from proteins and fats
Done by the liver

75. hyperglycemia
hyper-
glyc/o
-emia
High blood sugar

76. glycogenolysis glycogen/o -lysis Breakdown of glycogen
to form sugar (glucose)

77. lipoma
lip/o - fat
-oma - tumor
Tumor of fat
benign

78. cholecystolithiasis cholecyst/o – gall bladder lith/o - stones
-iasis - abnormal condition
Abnormal condition of stones in the gallbladder

79. protease
prote/o: protein
-ase - enzyme
Enzyme that digests protein

80. sialolith
sial/o: saliva
-lith: stone
Salivary (gland) stone

81. steatorrhea steat/o: fat -rrhea: flow, discharge
Discharge of fats (in feces)

82. lipase
lip/o - fat
-ase – enzyme
Enzyme to digest fats

83. hematochezia hemat/o - blood
-chezia: defecation, elimination of wastes
Bright red blood in the feces

84. choledocholithiasis choledoch/o – common bile duct lith/o -iasis
Abnormal condition of stones in the common bile duct

85. postprandial
post- after
-prandial - meal
Pertaining to after meals

86. Pathology of Digestive System
Anorexia – Lack of appetite
Ascites – Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen
Dysphagia – Difficulty swallowoing

87. Pathology of the Digestive System
Jaundice – yellow-orange coloration of the skin and whites of eyes caused by high levels of bilirubin in the blood. Occurs with
Hemoloysis
Liver Disease
Obstruction of bile flow into duodenum

88. Pathology of the Digestive System
Melena – black tarry stools indicating digested blood from bleeding in upper GI tract.
Esophageal Varices – Swollen, twisted veins at the lower end of the eshagus

89. Pathology of the Digestive System
GERD – Gastroesophageal reflux disease
Crohn Disease – Chronic inflammation of the GI tract. IBD – irritable bowel disease
Diverticulitis – Abnormal outpouchings in the intestinal wall

90. Pathology of the Digestive System
Cirrhosis – chronic, degenerative disease of the liver.
Hepatitis – Inflammation of the liver caused by a virus
HEP A, B, and C

91. Pathology of the Digestive System
Cancers of the GI Tract
Pancreatic Cancer
Colon-Rectal Cancer
Gastric Cancer
Esophageal Cancer

92. Abbreviations – Page 200 GI
MRI
PEG Tube
TPN BE
HBV