1. Digestive System
is a coiled, muscular tube stretching from the mouth to the anus. Several specialized compartments occur along this length: mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus. The accessory organs are associated with digestive system liver, spleen and pancreas.

2. Diagnosis of Abnormalities
Abdominal palpation.
Oral examination.
Rectal palpation.
Percussion and auscultation.
Radiography and endoscopy.
Sampling and analysis of saliva, stomach content, feces, abdominal fluid also hematological examination.

3. Affection of oral cavity
General clinical signs of oral diseases: ptyalism, reluctance to eat, weight loss, dysphagia and oral hemorrhage. Treatment by Dilute povidone iodine solution or 2% chlorhexidine irrigation can be used.

4. Affection of oral cavity
Abscesses: of the oral cavity associated with actinobacillosis or actinomycosis infection, appropriate medical therapy can be undertaken after bacteriological examination to confirm diagnosis.

5. Affection of oral cavity
Traumatic lesion: The mouth may be wounded by the penetration of sharp or pointed bodies entering through the cheeks or sharp teeth lacerating the cheeks and lips or by fragment of bone in fracture of the jaw also may be foreign bodies taken in food such as nails, needles, pins.

6. Affection of oral cavity
Clinical signs:
Salivation and drooling.
The animal will try to eat but will not be able.
If the foreign body has been present for some time, the animal will be very thin.
Treatment:
removal of foreign body by manually or surgical operation depends on the type of foreign body.

7. Affection of oral cavity
Neoplasm: A tumor of the floor of the mouth may involve the under surface of the tongue, the lower jaw bone, and other tissues of the area. A small lesion detected early can be controlled in most cases by excision of the growth and radiation therapy.
Treatment:
Excised by wire snare (Pedunculated).
Surgical resection.
Cryotherapy.

8. Lips disorders
Hare lip: This is a cleft in the upper lip which often runs into the nostril, may be unilateral or bilateral and is often associated with cleft palate. Cleft of the lower lip is rare and usually occurs on the midline.
Treatment:
The edges of the cleft are excised and the incision sutured.

9. Lips disorders
Trauma: Wounding of the lips is fairly frequent after car accident, contact with sharp protruding objects, and attack by dogs. Because of the excellent blood supply, healing is usually rapid. In sever laceration or loss of substance, plastic surgery is called for to preserve the function of the lips.
Avulsion of the lower lip from the gingival margin: in sever laceration, reconstructive surgery is indicated this can be problematical because of the high muscular content and movement in the lips and tongue.

10. Lips disorders
Retraction of the lips: Sometimes as the results of injury and consequent development of much fibrous tissue between the lip and the gum, cicatricle contraction retracts the lip and prevents. This may be remedied by making an incision between the gum and the lip.
Tumor: papilloma or warts are common on the lips of the horse and are less frequently seen on those of cattle. They cause salivation and usually a bad smell from the mouth.
Treatment: Excision.

11. Cheek disorders
Tumor: occasionally occur and may present special management problems because of oral fistulation associated with the lesion itself as a result of therapy.
Treatment: cryosurgery.
Wound: penetrating wound of cheeks or loss of substance from the edge of the lips.
Treatment: repair under general anesthesia, the wound edge is excised and a horizontal incision was made above and below the hole. The hole is closed with deep interrupted silk sutures. The horizontal incisions are sutured.

12. Affections of Hard palate
Cleft hard palate: Cleft in roof of the mouth may be congenital abnormalities, but the hereditary basis of the anomaly is less well defined.
Clinical signs: Dysphasia with reflex of milk or food material through the nostril. Direct visual or by endoscope. Aspiration pneumonia.
Treatment: Mandibular symphysiotomy. Oral approach. Pharyngotomy (limited exposure).

13. Affections of Hard palate
Mucoperiosteal technique:
Small caudal defects of hard palate can be repaired using a mucoperiosteal sliding flap technique.
Large cleft of the hard palate may be best repaired by the mucoperiosteal reflected flap technique.

14. Affections of Hard palate
Mandibular symphysiotomy :
In case mandibular symphysiotomy closure of oral mucosa prior to fixation of mandibular symphysiotomy.
The mandibular symphysis has been closed using wire and Steinmann pins.
The lip replaced and all muscle layer closed, finally closure the skin.

15. Affection of Soft palate
Pharyngotomy: The repair of a cleft soft palate involves excision of the mucosal edge surrounding the cleft following by a two or three layer closure. Possible complication of mandibular symphysiotomy includes infection.

16. Salivary glands Parotid Salivary gland. Mandibular Salivary gland.
Sublingual Salivary gland.
Zygomatic Salivary gland.

17. Affection of Salivary glands
Nonsurgical salivary gland diseases:
Sialadenosis:- is a non-inflammatory swelling of the salivary gland most commonly affecting the mandibular gland. The cause is unknown. Clinical signs in dog include gulping, lip smacking, hyper-salivation, weight loss and enlarged the affected glands but are usually non-painful.
Treatment: with 1-2 mg/kg of phenobarbital twice a day.

18. Affection of Salivary glands
Sialadenitis and Necrotizing Sialometaplasia:-
Salivary gland can develop inflammation that occasionally progresses to glandular necrosis and ductal metaplasia. They have clinical signs very similar to sialadenosis, with the addition of pain upon palpation of the affected glands with vomiting.
Treatment: should be focused on addressing any esophageal disease present as well as a trial of phenobarbital.

19. Affection of Salivary glands
Surgical salivary gland diseases:
Sialocele:-
The salivary mucocele are collections of saliva within subcutaneous tissue. Resultant saliva filled cavities are lined by inflammatory connective tissue and are not true cysts. The most common source of saliva is leakage from the sublingual salivary gland or duct. Treated by removal of the sialocele and associated glandular tissue and the saliva distended duct.

20. Affection of Salivary glands
Sialoliths:-
Are most often associated with the parotid duct have also been occurred in the mandibular-sublingual duct complex. Stone compositions may include calcium, oxalate, phosphate, magnesium, carbonate, ammonium, or non-mineral proteinaceous material. The affected duct gland complex can be surgically removed along with the sialolith.

21. Affection of Salivary glands
Salivary gland neoplasia:-
Primary salivary gland neoplasia of the glands is uncommon in dogs and cats, most tumors are of epithelial origin. Tumor invasion into local tissues and spread to regional lymph nodes occasionally occur. If lesions confined to the salivary gland itself may be amenable to surgical treatment.