2. Biochemistry and the Genomic Revolution

3. DNA Why is DNA in the forefront of modern biochemistry?Why is DNA in the forefront of modern biochemistry? What major event involving DNA has recently occurred?What major event involving DNA has recently occurred?

4. DNA What do we know about the structure of DNA?What do we know about the structure of DNA?

5. DNA What are the bases found in DNA?What are the bases found in DNA?

6. DNA Where do we find the genetic information in the DNA molecule?Where do we find the genetic information in the DNA molecule? What does a cell do with this information?What does a cell do with this information?

7. DNA Why do we refer to DNA as the double helix?Why do we refer to DNA as the double helix?

8. DNA What hold the two chains of the helix together?What hold the two chains of the helix together?

9. DNA How does the structure of DNA relate to its function?How does the structure of DNA relate to its function?

10. RNA How is RNA similar to DNA?How is RNA similar to DNA? How is RNA different from DNA?How is RNA different from DNA?

11. RNA

12. RNA What roles does RNA play in the cell?What roles does RNA play in the cell? –Carrier of genetic information m-RNAm-RNA –Part of the structure of ribosomes r-RNAr-RNA –Carriers of amino acids t-RNAt-RNA

13. Proteins How is the structure of proteins related to the structure of DNA?How is the structure of proteins related to the structure of DNA? Why is the genetic code universal?Why is the genetic code universal? What determines the three- dimensional shape of a protein?What determines the three- dimensional shape of a protein?

14. Protein Structure

15. Unity & Diversity of Living Organisms What evidence suggests that all organisms are derived from a common ancestor?What evidence suggests that all organisms are derived from a common ancestor?

16. Unity & Diversity of Living Organisms

17. Chemical Bonds Covalent versus non-covalent bondsCovalent versus non-covalent bonds

18. Non-Covalent Bonds What types of non-covalent bonds are there?What types of non-covalent bonds are there? –Electrostatic –Hydrogen bonds –Van der Waals

19. Electrostatic Interactions E = kq1q2/Dr D=dielectric constantE = kq1q2/Dr D=dielectric constant

20. Hydrogen Bonds

21. van der Waals interactions Based upon changing electronic charge distribution around atomsBased upon changing electronic charge distribution around atoms Asymmetry of charge of one atom induces complementary asymmetry in neighboring atomsAsymmetry of charge of one atom induces complementary asymmetry in neighboring atoms

22. Water Why is water so important in cellular biochemistry?Why is water so important in cellular biochemistry? –Major component of most cells –Polar structure make it an important solvent –Water is a cohesive molecule

23. Water Why does the presence of water weaken electrostatic interactions between ions?Why does the presence of water weaken electrostatic interactions between ions? How can the ability of water to act as a solvent cause a problem in the cell?How can the ability of water to act as a solvent cause a problem in the cell?

24. Thermodynamics What is thermodynamics?What is thermodynamics? –Study of energy What does the first law of thermodynamics say?What does the first law of thermodynamics say? –Energy cannot be created nor destroyed but may be transformed

25. Thermodynamics What is meant by entropy?What is meant by entropy? What does the second law of thermodynamics say?What does the second law of thermodynamics say? –Entropy of the universe is always increasing

26. Thermodynamics

27. Thermodynamics

28. Thermodynamics How do we know whether a particular reaction will occur spontaneously?How do we know whether a particular reaction will occur spontaneously? –Examine  G – free energy change –  G =  H system - T  S system

29. Thermodynamics What is the hydrophobic effect and how does it relate to the folding of proteins?What is the hydrophobic effect and how does it relate to the folding of proteins?

30. Thermodynamics