1. TOOTH dens, dentis odus, odonotos

2. Teeth (Dentes) arcus dentalis superior (maxillaris) – ellipse
arcus dentalis inferior (mandibularis) – parabola
permanent teeth (dentes permanentes) – 32
deciduous teeth (dentes decidui) – 20
dens incisivus (= incisor tooth) 8/8
dens caninus (= canine tooth) 4/4
dens premolaris (= premolar tooth) 8/0
dens molaris (= molar tooth) 12/8

4. Teeth – parts
crown (corona)
neck (cervix)
root (radix)
pulp (pulpa)

5. Surfaces and directions
occlusalis
vestibularis (buccalis/labialis)
lingualis (lower teeth)
palatinalis (upper teeth)
mesialis
distalis

6. Teeth – fixation gomphosis (socket) = dentoalveolar joint
located in bony alveolus dentalis of jaw
periodontium
parodontium = all structures around tooth

8. Peridontium
between tooth and dental alveolus (fixed to the bone of alveolus)
collagen fibers (serve as alveolar periosteum)
fixation apparatus of tooth = fibers of various directions
penetrates into cement
rapid change of connective tissue, plasticity – orthodontics
atrophy in lack of proteins and vitamin C → scurvy (= skorbut)
Vit. C - kofaktor prolin hydroxylázy (hydroxyprolin je specifický pro kolagen)

9. Periodontium

10. Scurvy (scorbut)

11. Macroscopy of tooth and its fixation

12. Denture as a whole mordex = denture
orthodental position – teeth vertically
occlusion (occlusio)
80 % psalidodontia (scissors-like occlusion) = norm
progenia = lower jaw longer (lower teeth in front of upper ones)
stegodontia = roof-like occlusion
prognathia = upper jaw longer (upper teeth in front of lower ones)
opisthodontia = lower teeth too far behind upper ones
hiatodontia (= mordex apertus)

13. Dental chart / scheme crossed with letters crossed with numbers
tooth number designed with lower INDEX
lowercase = decicuous
UPPERCASE = PERMANENT
crossed with numbers
Roman numerals = decicuous
Arabic numerals = PERMANENT

14. Dental chart / scheme of deciduous teeth
Dental chart / scheme of permanent teeth

15. Dental chart / scheme binumeral (Féderation Dentaire Internationale)
1-4 quadrants (from right side above clock-wise) = PERMANENT
5-8 (similar) = deciduous
numeral (American Dental Association)
numerals 1-32 (from right upper third mollar clock-wise) = PERMANENT
letters A-T (similar from right upper second molar) = deciduous

16. Teeth – structure dentine – dentinum (substantia eburnea)
enamel – enamelum (substantia adamantina)
cement – cementum (substantia ossea)
pulp – pulpa
loose connective tissue, vessels, nerves

17. Enamel hardest tissue of body organic part anorganic part 95%
secreted by ameloblasts (enameloblastus)
glycoproteins (amelogenins, enamelins)
anorganic part 95%
hydroxyapatite
arranged vertically in prisms (rods)
in between interprismatic substance

18. Fluoridation
fluorine is sired under the enamel surface, posteruptivelly from saliva and tooth-paste
re-covers defects
fluorapatite is more resistant to acids (Ph 4,5) and is produced more quickly than hydroxyapatite (pH 5,5)
the more fluorapatite is in enamel, the more resistant to dental caries (tooth decay)
supplement: tooth-paste, salt, at dentist

19. Dentine calcified connective tissue organic part anorganic part
collagen I, proteoglycans
secreted by odontoblasts (dentinoblastus)
located on internal surface of dentine
Tomes fibers (fibrae dentinales)
anorganic part
hydroxyapatite
non-calcified dentine
predentine
close to enamel and cement

20. Pulp loose connective tissue vessels nerve fibers (senstitive to pain)
fibroblasts
immune cells soustavy
vessels
nerve fibers (senstitive to pain)

21. Cement thin layer at neck thick layer at root fibrilar type of bone
cellular part – cementocytes

22. Gum (Gingiva) mucosa attached to periosteum
stratified nonkeratinizing squamous epithelium
papilla gingivalis
no glands
no submucosa
gingivodental junction

23. Gum (Gingiva) linea mucogingivalis
gingiva alveolaris (pars affixa gingivae)
pink, stippled, keratizing
„free gingival groove“
gingiva marginalis (pars libera gingivae)
shiny, red, nonkeratinizing
sulcus gingivalis
junctio dentogingivalis
epithelium junctionale

25. Teeth development (Odontogenesis)
oral ectoderm
mesoderm
cells of neural crest
ectomesenchyme
enamel is derived from ectoderm
other tissues are derived from ectomesenchyme

26. Teeth development Week 6: lamina dentalis (dental lamina) appears
thickening of stomodeum epithelium
in each lamina 10 proliferation centers
dental buds
Zubní lišta: a - retní val; b - žlábek předsíně; c - základ zubu (červeně) v zubní liště (růžově); d - Meckelova chrupavka; e - kost dolní čelisti;

27. Stages of tooth development
dental bud (status gemmalis)
local thickening of epithelium, 10 in each jaw
dental cap (status galearis)
ectodermal part → enamel organ (organum enameleum)
invagination of mesenchyme → dental papilla
a – začátek zubní lišty, b – pupen, c - čepička

28. čepička

29. Stages of tooth development
dental cap → dental bell (status campanalis)
outer dental epithelium
enamel reticulum
inner dental epithelium
dental papilla → dental pulp
dental sac → cement, periodontal ligaments

31. Stages of tooth development – bell
odontoblasts (dentinoblasti)
derived from mesenchyme cells at inner enamel organ
produce (pre)dentine
Tomes fibers (fibrae dentinales)
cytoplasmatic processes left within dentine
Pulpa vyvíjejícího se zubu s pravidelným uložením odontoblastů. Proti dentinu je vrstva u produkovaná vnitřními ameloblasty: a - vnitřní ameloblasty; b - ; c - dentin; d - odontoblasty;

32. D – dentin, O – odontoblasty

33. Stages of tooth development – bell
ameloblasts (enameloblasti)
from inner enamel epithelium
basal surface becomes secretory
production of enamel
Pulpa vyvíjejícího se zubu s pravidelným uložením odontoblastů. Proti dentinu je vrstva u produkovaná vnitřními ameloblasty: a - vnitřní ameloblasty; b - ; c - dentin; d - odontoblasty;
E – sklovina, A - ameloblasty

34. Stages of tooth development – bell
epithelial root sheath (vagina epithelialis radicis)
= Hertwig sheath
transition between outer and inner enamel epithelium
ingrowth into mesenchyme and induction of root formation

36. Tooth eruption decidual teeth: 6th – 24th month
enamel organ disrupted during tooth eruption

37. Permanent teeth develop similarily to decidual teeth
secondary dental lamina
located at lingual side of dental lamina
prolonged distally (molars)
eruption from 6th year
(finished in 30th – 40th year)

38. Clinical note tetracycline antibiotics
are contraindicated in children up to 8 years of age, pregnant and nursing women
high affinity to newly produced enamel
brown-yellow color
enamel hypoplasia