1. Perception on Corporal Punishment to Children in Myanmar ckk presentation on case study : UNICEF- UPenn learning program

2. Introduction Disciplining and punishment to children is frequently practiced in confusion without having clear line of demarcation in some societies including Myanmar… have questions concerning the limits Parenting – cultural and social expectations ‘Positive parenting’ - to the self-esteem, confidence, adaptability, and overall success and well-being of the child Myanmar culture - Every one thinks that people think that they should pay ‘respect elders’ (even older than minutes) in society. Otherwise, sanction…Parents powered by tradition…. ckk presentation on case study : UNICEF- UPenn learning program

3. The issue (Beliefs and Expectations) Parents & teachers simply commit corporal punishment as they believe that other parents/teachers in community do the same way (a way of setting discipline). Children are expected to be obedient, and well-disciplined in the society.(factual beliefs ) Most parents think that they are perceived by others that they ought to set discipline to their children if they want to be appraised by community as good parents. Otherwise…social deviants ckk presentation on case study : UNICEF- UPenn learning program

4. Parents…different normative personal beliefs - perhaps think the physical or corporal punishment (by teachers) is unacceptable… Children’s view on the relationship with their teachers in the sense of corporal punishment …social sanction rather than discipline the corporal punishment to them is exercising of power by teachers as they have more resources in knowledge the Myanmar Child Law - favorable information – confirmation of bias … parents & teachers quote easily. ‘willfully maltreating a child, with the exception of the type admonition by a parent, teacher or a person having the right to control the child, which is for the benefit of the child’ ckk presentation on case study : UNICEF- UPenn learning program

5. Measures to address corporal punishment in schools & community What exists…. So far … the Ministry of Education.. Directive on corporal punishment (enabling environment) …. weakly enforced….. The country’s gradual openness ….. in Economics, Politics, social and other development areas.. Media (enabling environment) What will do to change Teachers - to understand the motivation of teachers to act on corporal punishment … corporal punishment, it is acceptable in the sense of disciplining to children (long term … Different actors in different locations..) non-compliance expectations of teachers (others expect them) (ref.net) promoting alternative discipline, or positive discipline among teachers reference network …. take times to get collective change behavior among in different reference networks as the country has a rich diversity of ethnicities ckk presentation on case study : UNICEF- UPenn learning program

6. To change social expectation for parents one or two reference networks selected, explore motivation, beliefs and expectation, and roles of actors …come up with abandonment of punishment & bringing good value in disciplining which, in turn can be a cascade to other reference networks through channeling on community media (drama, talks, debate etc…) in order to get public awareness understand how parents perceive to teachers’ behavior to their children in the sense of committing corporal punishment in schools power dynamic between children and teachers and children and parents could be taken into consideration ckk presentation on case study : UNICEF- UPenn learning program

7. Measures to address legal and regulatory framework the Myanmar Child Law (amendment underway)- check all favorable and controversial information ….gear up…. complement the directives issued from the Ministry of Educations in respect to corporal punishment the Ministry of Education ….to enforce the directive in respect to corporal punishment through effective monitoring.. ckk presentation on case study : UNICEF- UPenn learning program

8. Measures to address community participation, community- based interventions The existing programme … enhances community awareness and understanding &role of Township CRC.. more or less similar with the concept of community-led prioritization community support groups (CSGs); dedicated community members… Limited coverage (25 out of 335 townships) … not all villages/wards covered in townships (not blanket)…. Programme villages ---- other communities setting up children resource centers ckk presentation on case study : UNICEF- UPenn learning program

9. Value deliberation on government staff on the need of skillful social workers, law enforcers, well-connectors Need of professional social workers … none existence at township level (value deliberation among government staff) … social workers as law enforcers, mediators …. Government start institutionalize capacity development of social workers… ckk presentation on case study : UNICEF- UPenn learning program

10. Proposal for case study The program….in the process of parent education trainings to roll out education to parents in some programme areas have limitations to cover not even all programme villages …. tapping to the existing government communication channels a well-connected reference network of parents will be chosen from the existing programme areas… explore their social expectations and positive social norms reminding everyone’s perception on a child in family as ‘treasure’… Parents: mothers who do not commit corporal punishment.. Champions.. network analysis of those champions the treatment on corporal punishment to different reference groups will be varied … Myanmar… rich ethnic diversity … positive social norms.. social expectations … local variations in belief and expectation…take long time to change across country… ckk presentation on case study : UNICEF- UPenn learning program

11. Network of social workers the network of social workers … highly connected and central…. They …not only in cascading information and monitoring law implementing but also in advocating higher level government authorities Topping up strategy - Myanmar has symbolic festivals for each Myanmar months … a nice example…water festival..enjoy no matter which ethnic groups they belong to a community drama/opera in respect to corporal punishment snowballing approach other enabling factors to corporal punishment financial insecurity…community seed fund…fund management and community auditing (with thorough eyes…) To conclude, research this topic further from a social norms perspectives to implicate in existing programme…. Thank You ckk presentation on case study : UNICEF- UPenn learning program