1. Idiopathic ventricular tachycardia
林口長庚醫院內科
Grand Round
Idiopathic ventricular tachycardia
心內一科 葉勇信 醫師
Am 7:30-8:30

2. Idiopathic Ventricular Tachycardia
Ventricular tachycardia that occurs in the absence of clinically apparent structural disease.

3. 八十九歲男性病患，

4. Clinical evaluation VPC/VT 12-lead ECG morphology
Exclude structural heart disease (coronary artery angiography, cardiac echocardiography)
No metabolic/electrolyte abnormalities or long QT syndrome can be identified.
24-hour Holter recording
Exercise stress test
MRI?

5. Holter report

6. Idiopathic Ventricular Tachycardia
In 10% of patients with VT
Young (20-50 years, range, 6 to 80 years)
Palpitation, dizziness, presyncope or syncope (rare)
Sudden cardiac death is rare
Excellent prognosis
Can be a cause of tachycardia-mediated cardiomyopathy
Certain anatomic locations with manifest specific ECG patterns which help identify their site of origin.

7. RBBB pattern, superior axis  low LV
八十九歲男性病患，

8. LBBB pattern, inerior axis  from RVOT or LVOT

9. Mechanism of tachyarrhythmia
(1) Automaticity
(2) Triggered activity:
Delayed afterdepolarization (DAD)
Early afterdepolarization (EAD)

10. Mechanism of tachyarrhythmia
(3) Reentry

11. Mechanism of tachyarrhythmia
Automaticity
1. focal origin
2. may become incessant during isoproterenol
3. cannot be initiated or terminated by programmed electrical
stimulation
4. sometimes suppressed by calcium or β blockers
5. adenosine transiently suppresses but does not terminate it.
Triggered activity
2. EAD or DAD ([Ca2+]i overload due to HR↑, β adrenergic effect
(cAMP↑) or digoxin)
3. Induced by burst pacing, isoproterenol infusion or atropine
RVOT VT: DAD, adensine sensitive

12. Mechanism of tachyarrhythmia
Reentry
1. a large circuit (macroreentry) or focal (microreentry)
2. slow conduction zone: small diastolic potential
3. can be initiated and terminated by programmed
electrical stimulation
4. can be entrained from multiple sites
Idiopathic left VT: macroreentry, verapamil sensitive

13. Classification of idiopathic VT relative to the mechanism
Adenosine-sensitive VT (triggered activity)
Propranolol-sensitive VT (automaticity)
Verapamil-sensitive VT (reentry)

14. Classification of idiopathic VT relative to the location
Outflow tract ventricular tachycardia (OTVT)
1. RVOT VT (90%)
above pulmonary valves rarely
2. LVOT VT (10%): above/below AVs, mitral annulus
Idiopathic left ventricular tachycardia (ILVT)
1. Left posterior fascicular VT (most common)
2. Left anterior fascicular VT (rare)
3. Upper septal fascicular VT (rare)
Others…….
Purkinje fibers, epicardium…..

15. RVOT VT Nonsustained, repetitive, monomorphic VT.
# Most common form (60-90%)
# Characterised by frequent VPCs, couplets and salvos of non
sustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT)
# LBBB morphology and inferior QRS axis.
# Occurs at rest or following a period of exercise
# Transiently suppressed by sinus tachycardia. They may
diminish with exercise during stress testing.
Paroxysmal, exercise-induced sustained VT.
# This VT may be initiated during exercise or recovery.
# Exercise stress testing is frequently uses to initiate and evaluate
RVOT VT, but is not clinically helpful in most cases.

21. RVOT VT I II
III
aVR
aVL
aVF V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6

23. Signal transduction schema for initiation and termination of cAMP-mediated DAD (triggered activity)
Adenosine
cAMP↓
DAD↓

24. Outflow tract ventricular tachycardia
90% of outflow tract VT comes from the RVOT
- may above the pulmonary valves (rare)
10% may arise from LVOT
- superior basal region of LV septum, free wall
- aortic sinuses of Valsava
- aortic cusps
- the aorto-mitral continiuty
- mitral annulus
- His bundle area
Epicardium

25. Management of OTVT
Acute termination: vagal maneuver or adenosine (6 mg until 24 mg), IV verapamil (10 mg given over 1 min. These drugs may suppress triggered rhythms; electrical cardioversion.
Long term treatment options
# Medical therapy: β-blockers, verapamil, diltiazem
(efficacy: 20 to 50%); Alternatively class IA, IC and III
agents.
# Radiofrecuency ablation has cure rates of 90% with
a recurrence rate of 5%.

26. Indications for catheter ablation of idiopathic ventricular tachycardia
Monomorphic VT that is causing severe symptoms
Monomorphic VT when antiarrhythmic drugs are not effective, not tolerated, or not desired
Tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy

27. Contraindication for catheter ablation of idiopathic ventricular tachycardia
Presence of a mobile ventricular thrombus
Asymptomatic PVCs and/or non-sustained VT that are not suspected of causing or contributing to ventricular dysfunction
VT due to transient, reversible causes, such as acute ischemia, hyper-/hypokalemia, or drug-induced torsade de points

28. How to ablate VT Mapping Basic electrophysiologic study
Pace mapping (identical 12-lead ECG morphology)
Activation mapping (earliest activation site)
Electroanatomic mapping (Carto, Navx, Enside Array, Magnetic remote control) (voltage, anatomy)
Ablation successful rate: 90 %

29. Mapping Tool for OT-VT ECG morphology: Could be non-inducible
Pacing morphology
could be large area 2 cm2: different chamber, scar, or epicardium
Activation map
More accurate: remain unsuccess: more mapping sites, epicardium

31. RVOT VT 3 1 2 4 5 6 7 8 9
Dixit et al, JCE 2003

32. Dixit et al, JCE 2003

33. Septum Free wall Smaller amplitude Later QRS Dixit et al, JCE 2003
↑QRS duration
Notching in
inferior lead
Smaller amplitude
In inferior lead
Large S wave
in V2 > 3 mV
Later QRS
transition
Dixit et al, JCE 2003

34. Spontaneous　PVC　 Pace Mapping

35. Important overlapping nature of the outflow tract course!
RVOT and PA lie anterior and to the left of the LVOT and aorta.
The right coronary cusp (RCC) of the aortic valve is directly posterior to the thick posterior infundibular portion of the RVOT. The true septum of the RVOT is not leftward but rather posterior and similarly, the septal portion of the LVOT is its anterior portion, just behind the RVOT.
catheter placed in the RCC will record a large amplitude ventricular electrogram, the origin of which is mainly the right ventricular myocardium and partly the supravalvar left ventricular myocardium
Recordings from the left coronary cusp (LCC) may map a supravalvar left ventricular myocardium, portions of the distal peripulmonary valve, posterior right myocardium, as well as the mitral annular left ventricular myocardium.
The noncoronary cusp (NCC) of the aortic valve generally is surrounded only by atrial structures, and thus, mapping in the NCC will identify predominately atrial signals that may arise either from the right atrium, left atrium, or the interatrial septum. Therefore, ablation in the NCC is rarely required for ventricular tachycardia, but more often for atrial tachycardias from these regions. However, supravalvar posterior left ventricular tachycardias can occasionally be ablated with a catheter placed in the depths of the NCC . 35

37. How to D/D RVOT and LVOT VT in origin?

38. LVOT VT Morphology

39. Survival curve of VT patients (N=200)
Fascicular VT (ILVT)
RVOT
ARVC
CPVT, idiopathic VF
Ischemic VT
DCM

41. Management of RVOT VT
CAG and 2D echo are usually normal, but MRI may show abnormalities of the RV in up to 70% of patients (focal thinning, diminished systolic wall thickening and abnormal wall motion).
RVOT VT should be distinguished from ARVD: ECG morphologic features similar to RVOT VT but DOES NOT terminate with adenosine.
It should be strongly considered for the following patients with a potentially malignant form of OT VT:
a) a history of syncope; b) very fast VT; c) ventricular premature beats with a short coupling interval.

43. coupling interval

44. Requirement of non-contact mapping system for VT mapping
Pacing mapping may not sensitive to locate the sites of foci in certain patients with focal VT, in the presence of large scar area.
VT could be non-sustained and unstable. It is difficult to map the entire chamber
One beat analysis of dynamic substrate by NCM may be useful to treat these patients.
In conclusion, the noncontact mapping provides accurate global unipolar Eg and resultant isopotential maps throughout the chamber. It is an useful guide for mapping and guide ablation of unstable, nonsustained, and multiple focal tachycardia from one-beat analysis. 44

45. Ensite Array Location
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48. (Higa S: University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan)
RVOT VPC recorded by enside array
患者氏名をかくしてください。
(Higa S: University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan) 48 48

49. Classification of idiopathic VT relative to the location
Outflow tract tachycardia
1. RVOT VT (most common)
2. LVOT VT
Idiopathic left ventricular tachycardia
(fascicular ventricular tachycardia, intrafascicular verapamil-sensitive VT)
1. Left posterior fascicular VT (most common)
2. Left anterior fascicular VT (rare)
3. Upper septal fascicular VT (rare)
Others……. (focal origin in the Purkinje system, triggered activity or automaticity, rare)

50. Fascicular ventricular tachycardia
Left posterior fascicular VT (most common)
RBBB, superior axis
Left anterior fascicular VT (rare)
RBBB, right axis deviation, inferior axis
Upper septal fascicular VT (rare)
A narrow QRS, normal or right axis deviation, inferior axis

51. Posterior Fascicular VT
八十九歲男性病患，

52. Mechanism of fascicular VT
The most likely mechanism of idiopathic left ventricular tachycardia is reentry with an excitable gap and a zone of slow conduction since can be initiated and terminated with programmed stimulation as well as the demonstration of entrainment of the tachycardia with rapid pacing
Verapamil sensitive

53. Diastolic potential & Purkinje potential
P1=LDP=DP
P2=PP

55. Management of fascicular VT
The long-term prognosis of patients with fascicular VT without structural heart disease is very good.
Arrhythmias in patients with sporadic, well-tolerated episodes of idiopathic left ventricular tachycardia may not progress despite absence of pharmacologic therapy.
Treated with oral verapamil (120 to 480 mg/day).
Ablation successful rate: >95%

56. Posterior Fascicular VT

57. Where to Target
Diastolic potential (P1) in the midseptum of LV. P1-QRS= msec
If P1 could not be identified, target the fused and earliest Purkinje potential (P2)
Successful ablation revealed P1 during SR could be a marker of successful ablation.
Ablation successful rate: >95%
Complication: trivial

58. Role of electroanatomic mapping systems
Refers to point by point (contact) mapping combined with the ability to display the location of each point in 3-dimensional space.
Carto, Navx, Ensite array, Magnetic remote system
Functions:
1. non-fluoroscopic localization of the ablation catheter
2. display of intracardiac electrograms (scar, low voltage zone)
3. interpretation of mechanism of arrhythmia (focal or macroreentry)
Always useful in scar-related VTs; can be useful in idiopathic VTs.

59. ARVC

60. Outflow tract tachycardia
Classification of idiopathic VT relative to the location, judged by 12-lead ECG morphology
Outflow tract tachycardia
1. RVOT VT (most common)
2. LVOT VT: below/above aortic valves, mitral annulus
Idiopathic left ventricular tachycardia (fascicular VT)
1. Left posterior fascicular VT (most common)
2. Left anterior fascicular VT (rare)
3. Upper septal fascicular VT (rare)
Others……. epicardium, focal origin in the Purkinje system (triggered activity or automaticity, rare)

61. Summary

62. Conclusion
Idiopathic VT concerns a small subgroup of patients with VT. Depending on tachycardia mechanism, idiopathic VT may respond to β-blockers, Ca2+ channel blockers or to vagal manueuvers, although radiofrequency ablation is curative in most patients.
Patients usually continue to follow up to rule out latent progressive heart disease such as arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (ARVD) or other forms of cardiomyopathies.

63. Thank you for your attention!