1. Grade 8 Science

2. Read p.4 Gambo flood (Facebook) Activity Class Discussion (The many ways people use water) P. 5 Read p.6 Read pp. 8-9

3. Water exists everywhere on Earth, and covers 70% of its surface. 97% of this water is found in the oceans. –Another 2% is ice and snow, leaving only 1% as fresh water found in the ground, rivers, lakes and streams. –Finding fresh water to drink is a challenge in many places, as most fresh water is under the ground.

4. Water cycle model How can we do it? Class discussion on how to do a model of the various changes of state.

5. Earth is the only planet with water in all 3 states Water is continually cycling through the water cycle Heat energy from the Sun causes these changes to drive the water cycle. Solid  Liquid = Melting Liquid  Gas = Evaporation Gas  Liquid = Condensation Liquid  Solid = Solidify/Freeze Solid  Gas = Sublimation Gas  Solid = Deposition

6. The water cycle occurs everywhere, not just oceans –Water evaporates when it is warmed, and then condenses in the atmosphere as clouds when it cools and falls as precipitation. The water then runs-off back to storage basins, or soaks into the ground. –A hydrologist is a scientist who studies water systems –An oceanographer studies oceans specifically

7. Check your understanding P. 13 Questions 1-8 in your notebook FOLDABLE ACTIVITY p.7

8. Pablo says “Read p. 12!” Wild, Weird, Wonderful – PENGUINS!

9. Comparing Ocean Water and Fresh Water Read p. 14 and p. 16 (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

10. How Ocean Water Differs from Fresh Water Ocean water’s salinity = 200X greater than fresh water –Average salinity of oceans is 35 parts per thousand –Oceans at equator (evaporation) and poles (ice) have the highest salinity (removing water increases salinity) –Ocean locations near rivers have low salinity, due to addition of fresh water from the World Ocean Atlas 2001World Ocean Atlas

11. Composition of Salt Water Salt water is composed of minerals dissolved during run-offs occurring over millions of years –Volcanic eruptions also release minerals from inside Earth –Sodium ions (Na + ) and chloride ions (Cl - ) are most common solids in ocean water –Na + ions and Cl - ions > 75% of all solids in ocean water –Mixed and joined in the ocean, NaCl is chemical name for salt

12. (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007 Density of Salt Water –Density = how tightly packed the molecules are in an object –Less dense always floats on more dense Eg. warm air rises above cool air, and oil floats on water We float better in salt water than fresh water See page 371 Take the Section 10.2 Quiz

13. Freezing Point of Salt Water Salt water has slightly different properties than fresh water –Salt water freezes at –1.9 ºC (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

14. Do Reading Check Questions 1-5, p. 17 (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

15. How to do a proper lab write-up for Science 8! Title Your name Group names (if any) Date: Purpose: Write it from text - word for word! Materials: Write it from text - word for word! Methods: Write “See p.___” Data: This is where you write your observations, draw tables, graphs, etc. Analysis: You should write out the questions assigned and leave space for the answers. Other information... Written on loose leafs and goes in your science binder or Duotang. We do usually do a pre-lab write up BEFORE we do the lab, and you are NOT allowed to do the lab until the pre-lab is done. You will get credit for doing the pre-lab write up.

16. ACTIVITY 1-3A (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

17. Read Career Connect for Homework! (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

18. ACTIVITY 1-3B –Do questions 1-4 (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

19. Check your understanding questions1-10, p.23 Do “Pause and Reflect” in your notebook, p. 23 (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

20. QUIZ!!! (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

21. Sources of Fresh Water Precipitation becomes run-off as gravity pulls water down into the groundwater, a lake or an ocean basin. Run-off increases if: –precipitation falls on rock, as soils allow water to soak in –heavy rainfall saturates the ground so water can’t soak in –long periods of rainfall saturate the ground so water can’t soak in –water can flow quickly down a steep slope, not having time to soak in –there is no vegetation, as plants help to absorb water and hold soil with their root systems –there is human development and no soils Human development often alters run-off

22. Read pp. 24-26

23. (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007 Drainage Basins Drainage basins are large areas where surface water all moves towards one main river –Run-off flows into streams and smaller rivers, which are tributaries of large rivers, forming a branching system –Large rivers are separated by very high ground called divides The Rocky Mountains form the Continental Divide, which divides BC and Alberta See page 379

24. (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007 Ground Water Ground water is water that soaks into the ground –Rock/ground with good porosity allows more water to enter –More pores (spaces in the rock/soil), the better the porosity –An aquifer is a layer of porous rock that allows ground water to flow, almost like a river below the surface. Humans get fresh water from –Reservoirs, natural or man-made –Wells, drilled into aquifers down to the water table, which is the top level of the zone of saturation. –The water table is very deep in deserts, but near the surface in swamps –The water table rises during wet seasons See page 380

25. (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007 Glaciers Almost 66% of all fresh water on Earth is in glaciers –Glaciers form from layers of snow falling over many years –Glaciers melt slowly under their own weight, and slowly flow downhill –Glaciers cover about 10% of the Earth’s surface –Alpine glaciers (aka valley) found in mountains –Continental glaciers (aka ice sheets) cover huge areas of land. Eg. Greenland and Antarctia –Glaciers flow until they reach an ocean, where crevasses open and icebergs fall off reach an area where warm temps allow as much melting as re-freezing, or recede if they melt faster than they can freeze