1. DURIAN (Durio zibethinus Murray)

2. ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION
Durian is native to Southeast Asia, wild durian is found in Borneo and sumatra. The tree found in home garden. But in Thailand largerly grown in orchard. In Indonesia some places are start to grow in orchard.
Other countries are Sri Lanka, India and New Guinea, Vietnam, The Philippine, Malaysia and Thailand.

3. USES
1. The ripe fruits or arils are generaly eaten fresh. The boiled or roasted are also eaten as snack. In Indonesia some flesh also dried in vaccum condition as snack, some as a mixture of ice cream, kolak and dodol/jenang durian. The skin/rind are dried as fuel for cooking. Several part of the fruit used as medicine.

4. USES
1. According to popular belief is danger for people because causes sickness or even death who consume durian in conjunction with alcohol.
2. Do not scare to eat fat of avocado and durian because the fat belongs to the monounsaturated fat (Lemak tak jenuh yang menyehatkan).jenis lemaki ni sama baiknya dengan minyak zaitun, minyak wijen dan lemak omega dalam minyak ikan.

5. PRODUCTION AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE
Thailand is he largest durian production. In 1987/1988 with 444,500 ton from 84,700 ha; Indonesia with 200,000 ton and Malaysia with 42,000 ha yielded 262,000 ton.

6. PROPERTIES
1.The edible portion (the arils) represent 20 – 35% of the fruit weight. The flesh and seed are very nutritious being rich in carbohydrates, vitamines and minerals.
2. Each 100 gram of the flesh contains: water 67 g, protein 2.5 g,fat 2.5 g, carbohydrates 28.3, fibre 1.4 g, ash 0.8 g, calcium 20 mg, phosphorus 63 mg, potassium 601 mg, thiamne 0.27 g, riboflavine 0.29 mg and vitamineC 57 mg. The energy value is 520nkJ/100 g. the odour of the fruit stem is largerly from thiols or thioether esters or sulphides.

7. DESCRIPTION
1. The tree is large up to 40 m height. Flower appear from old branches, forming fascicles of corymbs of 3 – 30 flowers up to 15 cm, pedicel 5-7 cm, appear at first, second or third branches. Flowers 5-6 cm, about 2 cm in diameter, whitish or greenish-white, calyx tubular, 3 cm long with 5-6 triangular teeth; etal 5, stamens numerous, united in five bundles, style pubescent. Fruit a globose, ovoid or ellipsoid capsule, up to 25 cm long with 20 cm diameter, green brownis, or yellowish covered with sharp spines, valves usualy 5, thick fibrous.Seeds up to 4 cm long covered by white, yellow or pink soft, very swet aril.

8. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
1.The seed will be germinated during 3-8 days after sowing. The seeds are recalcitrant. The seedling grow fast with orthotropic (upright). Under favourable conditions some plagitropic laterals are formed. This branches compete with the orthotropic one and the piramydal shape of the young tree is getting lost.
2. The embryo is positioned at the tip of the seed. The radicle merges first growing downward. The plumule the grow up with perhaps needs some energy to independent from the hard seed coat. Some seedling fail to get out from the seed coat and death.

9. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
3. Shoot growth appears to be continous, peaks in the rate of growth giving rise to 3-5 flushes per year. Soon the smalest lateral branches die back and this loss of branches throughout the tree’s life.
4. The juvenile phase often lasts 7 – 12 years.
5. The fruit season seems to delay due to the altitude. In Pare when the altitude higher than Kasembon and Ngantang furuit earlier followed by Kasembon and Ngantang.

10. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
6. The flowering season seems to be determined by the temperatures during its growth i.e following a cool or dry period. This hypothesis suggest that some of cultivars flowers twice a year. But, the peak fruit season is usually once a year. In Kasembon, there is one type named Sepanjang Musim that flower back after the harvesting of the fruits. When the fruits are finished thaen followed by the second fruits in a size of 2-5 cm in diameter

11. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
7. Growth retardants such paclobutrazol with low doses is used to promote flowering in Thailand and some part of Malang (Wagir).
8. The flower opens in the late afternon; before midnight most pollen grain and calyx, petals and stamens are shed. The stigma receptive until early morning and pollination is accomplished by nectarivorous bars and possibly by moths. The role of wind as natural polinator are still unclear. Self-incompatibility is common.

12. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
9. The fruit rowth curve is sigmoid, in Thailand early cultivars are harvested days after bloom, the late cultivars after 130 days or more. In Peninsular Malaysia the fruit is abundant between June and August. Durian harvest in Pare which its altitude lower than Kasembon and Ngantang is earlier than the two places.

13. OTHER BOTANICAL INFORMATION
Since the year of 1994? The department of agric has released 67 good cultivars, but no one has been developed extensively. Since the cultivars have been released is important to grow these . But, it seem that good planting material are difficult to propagate vegetatively, i.e by grafting and other methods.
Durian research center (DRC) of Brawijaya University has planned to develop grafting method and tissue culture. This aim to only propagate the released cultivars in a large number.
The DRC has found some promising new cultivars: Jingga, Ori, SPM, Arab. We plan to develop these cultivar and give to the farmers. In the future these promising cultivars can be bought in the supermarket.

14. ECOLOGY
Durian is strictly tropical; its grown until 800 m asl, from equator to 18º north and south (Thailand and Quensland). Need well distributed rainfall of 1,500 mm or more, relatively dry spells stimulate and synchronize flowering.
The soil should be deep, well-drained and light rather than heavy, to limit tree losses from root rot. A shelthered site is desirable to prevent branches laden with fruit from breaking in gusty winds.

15. PROPAGATION AND PLANTING
In Indonesia durian is still largerly raised from seeds. In the Philippines propagation from seed is being replaced by inarching or cleft grafting. In Thailand use inarching and hypocotyl grafting, using potting 5-6 weeks with mini-scions cut from thin laterals of flushing shoots. Fungicide treatments and polyethylene tunel and heavy shade are needed to protect the tender tissues. Five skill workers can set 3000 grafts, working from 8 a.m to midnight, avoiding the heat of the day is said to be an important factor in achieving success rates above 90%.
The plant can be set out in the field after about one year. Shade is needed at the first year. At closest spacing the orchard may need to be thinned after 8 – 10 years.
Faculty of Agriculture, Brawijaya University formed Durian Research Center in April But, research on durian have been initiated in 2-3 years backwards. In the year 2008, we found some of promising durian local in Kecamatan Kasembon namely ‘Jingga’, Ori, Arab and sepanjang musim (fruiting twice a year). The delicious taste of Jingga has been eaten by the President SBY and is wife, Ani Yudhoyono.
The local exelent durian mentioned above are now being propagated clonally using cleft-grafting method in our faculty. We hope that during 3-5 years forwards these cultiars can be found in the supermarket.
So far there are 67 of durian locals that have been released by minister of agriculture of RI , but none of these cultivars are found in the market or even supermarket.

16. PROPAGATION AND PLANTING
1. Now we are tryng to propagate these cultivars by tissue culture tecnique. If this method succeed than we will produce plating material in a large number and then deliver to their origin or their own habitat.

17. Beberapa Potensi dan Peluang:
Nutrisi relatif lebih tinggi dari buah lain
Wilayah indonesia 95º BT-141º BT
Pasar masih terbuka
Peluang pasar baru; China 1,3 Milyar penduduk
Areal pengembangan luas; utk konservasi lahan
Mengisi pasar khusus (niche market)
Diversifikasi produk
Ciri organoleptik baru (warna atraktif): produk olahan minimal

21. DURIAN PRODUCTION EACH PROVINCE (TON)
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
TOTAL/AVERAGE
1. NAD
6,946
11,807
28,422
31,315
43,282
39,386
57,120
29,442
247,720
2. SumUt
18,990
40,530
63,201
99,442
111,174
110,751
125,742
126,211
696,041
3. SumBar
10,421
14,215
40,193
43,640
41,085
46,500
47,788
26,524
270,366
4. Riau
11,309
11,358
12,860
23,857
15,622
7,273
12,696
8,739
103,714
5. Jambi
5,259
22,531
23,237
37,339
48,401
15,826
19,223
11,987
183,803
6. SumSel
14,439
38,225
81,551
82,633
47,522
29,000
44,160
15,390
352,920
7. Bengkulu
2,849
5,990
4,540
34,160
19,530
2,590
36,795
21,190
127,644
8. Lampung
5,954
10,303
18,385
15,277
11,357
17,703
18,472
27,863
125,314
9. BangTung
1,872
3,002
2,572
5,001
2,805
4,277
2,321
21850
10. KepRi 33
170
203

22. DURIAN PRODUCTION EACH PROVINCE (TON)
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
TOTAL/AVERAGE
11. DKI Jak.
158
266 80
315
280
258 98 67
1522
12. JaBar
36,634
29,123
39,636
95,372
60,760
34,459
89,420
59,831
445,235
13.JaTeng
26,989
26,587
35,968
46,785
45,732
34,410
62,632
44,948
324,051
14. DIY
2,923
2,503
7,025
6,027
7,863
7,262
4,910
5,277
43,790
15. JaTim
37,156
40,564
46,627
58,472
41,553
53,101
49,721
79,187
406,381
16. Banten
11,960
4,751
17,581
19,602
11,095
19,163
16,729
100881
17. Bali
4,008
8,497
5,014
6,334
8,776
13,761
3,704
8,027
58,12
18. NTB
1,184
1,456
1,276
1,524
3,920
4,840
5,693
5,475
25,368
19. NTT
160
251 50
195
142
249
571
518
2136

23. DURIAN PRODUCTION EACH PROVINCE (TON)
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
TOTAL/AVERAGE
20. KalBar
16,745
15,111
27,175
49,443
41,396
42,455
39,604
16,959
248,888
21. KalTeng
5,772
7,235
8,265
9,437
10,125
7,709
2,843
4,925
56,311
22. KalSel
6,701
11,707
10,128
9,864
19,577
7,020
13,618
4,673
83,288
23. KalTim
1,637
7,163
19,587
21,228
24,244
15,947
14,265
8,122
112,193
24. SulUt
1,366
2,683
10,277
10,965
11,833
9,972
11,222
10,489
68,807
25. SulTeng
1,552
2,967
3,962
2,565
6,818
13,121
7,147
4,579
42,711
26. SulSel
13,401
16,507
21,986
24,048
22,420
29,796
30,465
33,549
192,172
SulTra
738
1,661
3,608
5,703
2,373
1,467
3,623
2,709
21882
28. Gontalo
439 87
258
248
245
313
247
1837
SulBar
4,802
3,013
7815
Maluku
3,459
3,097
1,950
1,693
3,244
2,690
6,928
8,123
31,184
Papua 44
146
2,204
3,161
1,578
102
298
2,907
10440
MalUt
364 17
626
444
1,767
4,193
2,245
9656
33. PapBar
2,644
6,309
2,409
11362

24. PRODUCTIVITY (QU/HA) PROV. 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
TOTAL/AVERAGE
1. NAD
206.71
148.52
140.08
141.3
167.4
147.1
520.7
311.2
2.SumUt
300.57
116.97
206.67
167.3
188.2
227.4
286.2
275.8
3.SumBar
160.87
120.98
156.51
154.8
93.8
198.3
246.2
204.3
4. Riau
126.03
122
98.54
116.9
51.5
85.9
87.1 63
750.97
5. Jambi
178.5
57.94
172.38
185.5
190.3
82.9
108.9
88.4
6. SulSel
92.09
68.59
156.23
156.2
101.5
78.7
125.9
106.7
885.91
7. Bengkulu
169.66
79.13
65.8
156.3
180.2
167.1
191.6
109.3
8.Lampung
198.27
59.08
60.08
67.6
81.4
100.9
137.5
826.83
9.BangTung
64.11
94.4
114.8
188
98.8
86.6
113.2
759.91
10.KepRi
41.3
56.7 98

25. PRODUCTIVITY (QU/HA) PROV. 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
TOTAL/AVERAGE
11.DKI Jak
[4]99.47
60.45
36.36
126
133.3
215 98
39.4
708.51
12.JaBar
460.74
18.72
186.96
192.5
256.7
126.2
185.9
128.8
13.JaTeng
215.67
115.24
96.87
112.4
169
121
123.1
86.7
14.DIY
152.36
78.22
82.45
84.5
85.9
80.9 95 91
750.33
15.JaTim
221.27
156.2
152.03
152
145.9
99.1
98.6
108.9
1134
16.Banten
130.43
85.91
151.8
142.2
76.1
91.5
95.5
773.44
17.Bali
221.69
179.26
150.12
123
124.5
168
73.5
89.6
18.NTB
178.32
59.67
79.75
61.7
109.5
110
121.9
103.3
824.14
19.NTT
133.79
156.88 25 13
27.3
48.8
150.3
157
712.07
20.KalBr
175.25
96.93
91.56
161.5
198.7
224.2
165.1
167.9
21.KalTeng
156.44
131.31
108.18
79.6
85.7
120.6 57
108.5
847.33
22.KalSel
129.38
74.9
81.48
64.8
155
85.4
98.5
75.1
764.56
23.KalTim
163.92
94.25
111.1
154.6
203.2
300.3
247.2
47.1

26. PRODUCTIVITY (QU/HA) 24.SulUt 110.54 147.42 197.26 197.2 182.3 114.6
137.5
96.6
25.SulTeng
103.69
139.95
125.38
79.4
163.5
152.9
145
102
25.SulSel
100.63
48.25
90.66
62.6
72.4
61.4
113.3
106.1
655.34
26.SulTra
160.1
127.77
97.25
12.7
126.9
64.6
72.2
64.2
725.72
27.Gorontalo
151.38
124.29
54.9
57.7 57
94.8 38
578.07
28.SulBar
129.4
80.6
210
29.Maluku
52.76
116.43
195
120.1
48.4
139.4
184.6
911.59
30.Papua
38.99
85.88
202.2
100
122.3
39.2
110.4
26.5
725.47
31.MalUt
140
18.89
19.4
7.4
27.8
65.9
43.8
323.19
32.PapBar
244.8
206.9
168.5
620.2

27. PLANTING AREA (HA), YIELD (ton)AND PRODUCTIVITY (Qu/ha), NATIONAL
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
TOTAL/AVERAGE
Luas Panen
  Ha
23,021
49,812
41,033
53,770
48,278
45,556
48,212
47,674
357,356
Produksi
  Ton
236,794
347,118
525,064
741,831
675,902
566,205
747,848
388,806
4,229,568
Produktivitas
  Ku/Ha
173.51
69.69
127.96
138
140
124.3
155.1
124.8

29. HUSBANDRY

30. THE DURIAN RELEASED IN INDONESIA