1. Heredity Review

2. Asexual reproduction Hydra (related to jelly-fish Single celled eukaryotes like this protist

5. Zygote (2n) - diploid n chromosomes

8. Independent Assortment

9. Codominance Incomplete Dominance

11. Epistasis

12. Thomas Hunt Morgan Discovered sex-linked traits

15. The recessive mutations s (scute bristles) and rb (ruby eyes) identify two linked autosomal genes of Drosophila melanogaster. When females heterozygous for these genes were crossed with scute bristled, ruby eyed males, the following classes and numbers of progeny (out of 1000) were obtained: wildtype bristles, wildtype eyes 188 scute bristles, wildtype eyes 307 wildtype bristles, ruby eyes 313 scute bristles, ruby eyes 192 Based upon these results, the map distance between the s and rb genes is estimated to be: A. 31.3 map units B. 38 map units C. 30.7 map units D. greater than 50 units because all four classes of offspring were observed

17. DNA (pattern done by Rosalind Franklin, Model completed by Watson and Crick)

19. Promoter includes the TATA box; has the core DNA sequence 5'-TATAAA-3' or a variant, which is usually followed by three or more adenine bases. It is usually located 25 base pairs upstream to the transcription site. The sequence is believed to have remained consistent throughout much of the evolutionary process, possibly originating in an ancient eukaryotic organism.

20. G 5” cap and Poly A tail and reomval of introns

24. Conjugation

32. Histone acetylation –Seems to loosen chromatin structure and thereby enhance transcription Figure 19.4 b (b) Acetylation of histone tails promotes loose chromatin structure that permits transcription Unacetylated histones Acetylated histones

37. Evolution of Genes with Related Functions: The Human Globin Genes The genes encoding the various globin proteins –Evolved from one common ancestral globin gene, which duplicated and diverged Figure 19.19 Ancestral globin gene          22  11 22 11   GG AA    -Globin gene family on chromosome 16  -Globin gene family on chromosome 11   Evolutionary time Duplication of ancestral gene Mutation in both copies Transposition to different chromosomes Further duplications and mutations

38. The similarity in the amino acid sequences of the various globin proteins –Supports this model of gene duplication and mutation Subsequent duplications of these genes and random mutations –Gave rise to the present globin genes, all of which code for oxygen-binding proteins

39. Genomic library

42. Bands form due to SNP’s -Single nucleotide polymorphisms A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP, pronounced snip), is a DNA sequence variation occurring when a single nucleotide - A, T, C, or G - in the genome (or other shared sequence) differs between members of a species (or between paired chromosomes in an individual). For example, two sequenced DNA fragments from different individuals, AAGCCTA to AAGCTTA, contain a difference in a single nucleotide. In this case we say that there are two alleles : C and T