1. Chapter 19 Review

2. Chapter 19: Internal Troubles, External Threats: China, the Ottoman Empire, and Japan, 1800–1914
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Questions

3. Connection: The encounter between Japan and the increasingly aggressive Western powers in the nineteenth century resulted in all EXCEPT which of the following outcomes?
a. Japan’s industrialization
b. Japan’s rejection of external expansion and its defense of other regional states threatened by Western powers
c. Major reforms in the Japanese government
d. The selective borrowing in Japan of western ideas

4. Change: In comparison to the early modern era, expansion by industrialized nineteenth-century Europe
a. was no longer driven by the needs of trade because Europe produced all the manufactured goods that it required.
b. did not bring cultural change because Europeans considered their culture of modernity beyond the capacity of non-Europeans to understand.
c. never led to large-scale migration of Europeans.
d. was backed by far more powerful militaries.

5. Comparison: Which of the following was NOT a factor that distinguished how Japan experienced Western imperialism as compared to the Ottoman Empire and China?
a. Japan was less reliant on Western finance than either the Ottoman Empire or China.
b. Only Japan saw parts of its territory physically occupied by Western troops.
c. Japan chose not to renegotiate its “capitulation” treaties with Western powers while both the Ottoman Empire and China did.
d. Western powers considered Japan of far greater strategic and economic importance leading to more active Western intervention in Japan than either the Ottoman Empire or China.

6. Answer is B Answer is D Answer is A
Answer Key for Chapter 19
Answer is B
Answer is D
Answer is A

7. Chapter 20

8. Objectives in this chapter
To examine the ways in which Europeans created their nineteenth-century empires
To consider the nineteenth-century development of racism as an outcrop of European feelings of superiority and to investigate the ways in which subject peoples were themselves affected by European racial categorization
To consider the extent to which the colonial experience transformed the lives of Asians and Africans
To define some of the distinctive qualities of modern European empires in relationship to earlier examples of empire

9. A Second Wave of European Conquests
The British, French, Germans, Italians, Belgians, Portuguese, Russians, and Americans all had colonies.
The period 1750–1900 saw a second, distinct phase of European colonial conquest.
focused on Asia and Africa
several new players (Germany, Italy, Belgium, U.S., Japan)
was not demographically catastrophic like the first phase
was affected by the Industrial Revolution

10. Becoming a colony happened in a variety of ways.
The establishment of the second-wave European empires was based on military force or the threat of using it.
over the nineteenth century, Europeans developed an enormous firepower advantage (repeating rifles and machine guns)
Becoming a colony happened in a variety of ways.
India and Indonesia: grew from interaction with European trading firms

11. Becoming a colony happened in a variety of ways:
India and Indonesia: grew from interaction with European trading firms
most of Africa, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific islands: deliberate conquest
decentralized societies without a formal state structure were the hardest to conquer
Australia and New Zealand: more like the colonization of North America (with massive European settlement and diseases killing off most of the native population)
Taiwan and Korea: Japanese takeover was done European-style
United States and Russia continued to expand
Liberia: settled by freed U.S. slaves
Ethiopia and Siam (Thailand) avoided colonization skillfully
Asian and African societies generated a wide range of responses to the European threat.

12. Under European Rule
European takeover was often traumatic for the colonized peoples; the loss of life and property could be devastating.
governments and missionaries promoted European education
periodic rebellions
racism was especially pronounced in areas with a large number of European settlers (e.g., South Africa)
colonial states imposed deep changes in people’s daily lives
colonizers were fascinated with counting and classifying their new subjects
colonial policies contradicted European core values and practices at home

13. Economies of Wage Labor: Working for Europeans
hundreds of thousands of workers came to work on Southeast Asian plantations
millions of Indians migrated to work elsewhere in the British Empire
especially in Africa, people moved to European farms/plantations because they had lost their own land
South Africa in 1913: 88 percent of the land belonged to whites
much of highland Kenya was taken over by 4,000 white farmers
colonial cities attracted many workers
segregated, unsanitary, overcrowded
created a place for a native, Western-educated middle class
created an enormous class of urban poor that could barely live and couldn’t raise families

14. colonial rule did introduce some modernizing elements
colonial rule did help integrate Asian and African economies into a global exchange network
colonial rule did introduce some modernizing elements
schools
health care
What was the overall economic impact of colonial rule?
defenders: it jump-started modern growth
critics: long record of exploitation and limited, uneven growth

15. Education getting a Western education created a new identity for many
the almost magical power of literacy
access to better jobs
social mobility and elite status
many people embraced European culture
many of the Western-educated elite saw colonial rule as the path to a better future, at least at first

16. Religion
widespread conversion to Christianity in New Zealand, the Pacific islands, and non-Muslim Africa
around 10,000 missionaries had gone to Africa by 1910
by the 1960s, some 50 million Africans were Christian
Christianity was attractive to many in Africa
Christianity was associated with modern education
Christianity gave opportunities to the young, the poor, and many women

17. Christianity was Africanized
continuing use of charms, medicine men
some simply demonized their old gods
wide array of “independent churches” was established

18. Christianity did not spread widely in India
but it led intellectuals and reformers to define Hinduism
Hindu leaders looked to offer spiritual support to the spiritually sick Western world