1. Department of Computer Engineering
University of Kashan
Department of Computer Engineering
MicroProcessors
&
MicroControlers
H. Sabaghian B.
Spring 2006

2. Text Books
Microcontroller 8051 Author: Mohammad ali Mazidi Translator: Dr. Sepidnam
The 8051 Microcontroller Author: Iscott Makenzi
Translator: Dr. Seyed Razi
Edition : 3

3. Introduction
Lec note 1

4. outline Microprocessor Micro-computer Microcontroller
3_Bus (Data, Address, Control)
I/O
Memory

5. Microprocessor (µP)(MPU)
µP = CPU on a single chip
Components of CPU
Registers: Temporary storage locations for program instruction or data.
The Arithmetic Logic unit (ALU): performs both arithmetic and logical operations
Timing and Control Circuits: keeps all working together in the right time sequence
Bus: n_bit (internal) path for data exchange

6. Microprocessor Microprocessor=µP=MPU Tasks
processing data
controlling all components make µP the µComputer system
µP executes instructions in memory
Fetch, Decode, Execute

7. Microcomputers Micro-computer (µ-Computer) small computer
specifically for data acquisition and control applications

8. Microcomputers All Microcomputers consist of (at least) :
Microprocessor Unit (µP)
Program Memory (ROM)
Data Memory (RAM)
Input / Output ports (IO)
Bus System (External)
(and Software)
MPU is the brain of microcomputer

9. The Input/Output (I/O) System
I/O links MPU to outside world.
Input port : a circuit through which an external device can send signals (data?) to the MPU.
Output port is a circuit that allows the MPU to send signals (data?) to external devices.
I/O ports connect both digital and analogue devices by DAC and ADC

10. Bus
A common communications pathway that carry information between the various elements of system
The term BUS refers to
a group of wires
or conduction tracks on a printed circuit board (PCB)
though which binary information is transferred
Subsystems are connected through BUS together

11. 3_Bus
There are three main bus grouPs
ADDRESS BUS
DATA BUS
CONTROL BUS

12. Data Bus
The Data Bus carries the data which is transferred throughout the system. ( bi-directional)
Examples of data transfers
Program instructions being read from memory into MPU.
Data being sent from MPU to I/O port
Data being read from I/O port going to MPU
Results from MPU sent to Memory
These are called read and write operations

13. Address Bus
Address = binary number that identifies a specific memory storage location or I/O port involved in a data transfer
Address Bus = pathway transmit address to memory or I/O port.
Address Bus is unidirectional (one way): addresses are always issued by the MPU

14. Control Bus Control Bus = grouP of control signals
Control signals are unidirectional, and are mainly outputs from the MPU.
provide synchronization (timing control) between MPU and other components.
Example
RD: (read signal) read data into MPU
WR: (write signal) write data from MPU

15. Main memory Memory Main memory Types Stores programs
Provides data to the MPU
Accepts result from the MPU for storage
Main memory Types
ROM : read only memory. Contains program (Firmware). does not lose its contents when power is removed (Non-volatile)
RAM: random access memory (read/write memory) used as variable data, loses contents when power is removed volatile. When power up will contain random data values

16. Read-Only Memory µP can read instructions from ROM quickly
Cannot write new data to the ROM
ROM remembers the data, even after power cycled
When power is turned on, the microprocessor will start fetching instructions from ROM (bootstrap )
On a PC, the ROM is called the BIOS (Basic Input/Output System). When the microprocessor starts, it begins executing instructions it finds in the BIOS. The BIOS instructions do things like test the hardware in the machine, and then it goes to the hard disk to fetch the boot sector. This boot sector is another small program, and the BIOS stores it in RAM after reading it off the disk. The microprocessor then begins executing the boot sector's instructions from RAM. The boot sector program will tell the microprocessor to fetch something else from the hard disk into RAM, which the microprocessor then executes, and so on. This is how the microprocessor loads and executes the entire operating system

17. Available ROMs Masked ROM or just ROM
PROM or programmable ROM(once only)
EPROM (erasable via ultraviolet light) =UVROM
Flash
re-writable about times
usually must write a whole block not just 1 or 2 bytes,
slow writing fast reading
EEPROM (electrically erasable ROM)
fast writing slow reading
can program millions of times
useless for storing a program
good for save configuration information.

18. ROM ROM Capacity : PROM EEPROM : Output Enable connect to RD of µP
m+1 bit
Address
n+1 bit
Data Am Dn
ROM
PROM
EEPROM
Capacity :
: Output Enable
connect to RD of µP
: Chip Enable
to Address decoder

19. Addr valid to data valid
ROM Read Timing
A0-Am
D0-Dn
OE falls to data valid
Addr valid to data valid

20. 27XX EPROM PGM and VPP are used to programming 64 kbit 8 kbyte 16 kbit

21. 27XXX EPROM 128 kbit 16 kbyte 256 kbit 32 kbyte 512 kbit 64 kbyte

22. 28XX E2PROM 16 kbit 64 kbit 1026 kbit 4096 kbit 256 kbit 2 kbyte

23. RAM (Random Access Memory)
µP can read the data from RAM quickly
µP can write new data to RAM quickly
RAM forgets its data if power is turned off
Two type is available :
Static RAM(SRAM): ff base, fast, expensive, low cap/vol, applied for cache , no refresh
Dynamic RAM (DRAM): cap base, slow , low cost high capacity/volume , applied for main memory(pc) need refresh.
RAM stands for random-access memory. RAM contains bytes of information, and the microprocessor can read or write to those bytes depending on whether the RD or WR line is signaled. One problem with today's RAM chips is that they forget everything once the power goes off. That is why the computer needs ROM

24. RAM(Static) Capacity : RAM Data bus is Bidirectional : Read signal
m+1 bit
Address
n+1 bit
Data Am Dn
Capacity :
RAM
Data bus is
Bidirectional
: Read signal
connect to MemRD of µP
: Write signal
connect to MemWR of µP
: Chip Select
to Address decoder

25. Static RAM

26. Dynamic RAM

27. Dynamic RAM Write : Charge bitline HIGH or LOW and set wordline HIGH
Read : Bit line is precharged to a voltage halfway between HIGH and LOW and then the word line is set HIGH.
Sense Amp Detects change
Reads are destructive (Must follow with a write)
Address Buffer