1. Imperialism: Making of the European global order Chapter 24
AP World History

2. Big Picture Western European industrialization fundamentally
altered the nature of European overseas expansion.
In previous times, 3 Gs: Gold, God, & Glory
Sought desired material goods, in Americas seized lands for plantation crops.
Countries in Europe were little interested in acquiring expensive/unstable distant possessions, but men on the spot were drawn into local struggles as they sought to advance or defend their interests.
Christian missionaries sought converts. In competition with Islam.
Industrialization brought new motives for expansion, including:
Raw materials were needed to fuel industrial growth
Markets were required for its manufacturing production
Christian proselytizing continued, but private initiative replaced state direction
Increased power, fear of other imperial rivalries more than indigenous opposition.
This pushed the Europeans into and occupied territories once closed to them by disease or local resistance.

3. European Colonial Territories Before and After 1800

4. The Shift to Land Empires in Asia
The Dutch Advance on Java
Established Batavia 1619
Initially paid tribute to sultan of Mataram
1670s started to take part in political rivalry between claimants to the throne of Mataram
Dutch used firearms & trained army
These succession wars ended by with the domination of the whole island by the Dutch

5. The Shift to Land Empires in Asia
Stages of Dutch Expansion in Java

6. The Shift to Land Empires in Asia
Pivot of World Empire: The Rise of the British Rule in India
British East India Company
Gained power as the Mughal Empire diminished
Sepoys used to fight wars
Seploys were Indian troops trained in European-style fighting
Five major wars were fought during the 18th century British assume power after defeat of the French, additionally:
Battle of Plassey, 1757
Robert Clive defeats Bengal ruler
British control Bengal 

7. The Shift to Land Empires in Asia
The Consolidation of British Rule
Mughal decline gives British opportunity
Presidencies
Capitals: Madras, Bombay, Calcutta
Directly ruled India
However, the rest of India was indirectly ruled
 Were controlled through agents at Indian rulers’ courts
By the beginning of the 19th century, India was becoming Britain’s major colonial possession.
Empire’s largest colonized population.
Indians to served in British-led armies, powerful land force
Indian ports were vital to British sea power.
Manufactured goods, overseas investment, and raw
materials.

8. The Shift to Land Empires in Asia
The Growth of the British Empire in India, From the 1750s to 1858

9. The Shift to Land Empires in Asia
Early Colonial Society in India and Java
The Europeans at first were content to leave Asian social systems intact.
The previous rulers ended up performing most of the daily administrative tasks.
They formed a new class on top of existing hierarchies
European a dominant class
Europeans adopted themselves to indigenous culture in order to survive.
local styles of dress, food, housing, work habits, and political symbols.
Since most of the Europeans were men, they lived with and married indigenous women.

10. The Shift to Land Empires in Asia
Social Reform in the Colonies
Rampant corruption among British East India Company officials (Nabobs) from the 1770s, which contributed to a disastrous famine in Bengal, forced reform.
Accountable to British government
1790s Indians excluded from administration
Lord Charles Cornwallis  
Evangelical religion worked to…
Social reform sought to
End slave trade
End sati
English language was the key to reform
The reforms enacted were a turning point in global history.
Essential components of Western culture were introduced into the Indian world.
Attempt to reshape colonial society

11. Industrial Rivalries and the Partition of the World, 1870-1914
Unequal Combat
Industrial Revolution increased Western
military superiority over the rest of the world.
Mass-produced weapons
Machine gun, rendered the massed charge suicidal
Railroads, steam ships greater mobility.
Africans and Asians still fought fiercely against the imperialists
Few won victories or long-delayed conquests
The Zulu, defeated a British force at Isandhlwana in 1879
Guerrilla tactics in Vietnam, prolonged, but did not defeat
By 1914, all of Africa but Ethiopia and Liberia had fallen to Europeans
In southeast Asia, only Siam was independent.
China, Persia, and the Middle East remained unoccupied, but strong informal European political and economic influence was present.
Britain dominated overseas commerce and empire building during the first half of the 19th century; from then on, Britain was challenged by Belgium, France, Germany, and the United States.

12. The Partition of Southeast Asia and the Pacific, to 1914

13. Industrial Rivalries and the Partition of the World, 1870-1914

14. Patterns of Dominance: Continuity and Change
"Tropical dependencies"
Africa, Asia, South Pacific
Europeans rule indigenous peoples
Settler colonies (2 types)
#1"White Dominions"
Inhabitants mostly Europeans their descendants
indigenous peoples were few.
Examples: Canada, Australia
#2 “Contested Settler Colonies”
Large numbers of Europeans
Large indigenous numbers
European and indigenous peoples clashed
control of local resources
questions of social or cultural difference.
Examples: South Africa, Algeria, New Zealand, Kenya, and Hawaii

15. Patterns of Dominance: Continuity and Change
Colonial Regimes and Social Hierarchies in the Tropical Dependencies
Cultural influence
Exploited ethnic and cultural divisions --- ‘tribes’
Minorities, especially Christians, were favored in colonial recruiting
English (western) language education (Java & India)
Missionaries run schools (Africa)
European racial prejudices blocked higher education for most Africans.
Asians had more opportunities, but fear of such education denied graduates appropriate positions.
Such policies greatly stunted the growth of a Western-oriented middle class
Changing Social Relations Between Colonizers and the Colonized European communities grow
Increasing segregation
Relations with indigenous women were not favored
Ideas of white supremacy
Africans were put at the bottom of racial hierarchies, most non-white, if appeared non- civilized were put in a category of savages

16. Patterns of Dominance: Continuity and Change
Shifts in Methods of Economic Extraction
Attempted to introduce scientific agricultural techniques
Produce cheaper and more abundant raw materials
Drive to increase production, lower costs
Many colonies reduced to dependency
Railways, roads built to serve extraction
Settler Colonies in South Africa and the Pacific Relations varied
Disease decimates in some cases
Some native peoples Westernized
Some more resistant
The Afrikaners (Boers- mainly Dutch, German and French ancestry), and their native tongue is Afrikaans, a language closely related to Dutch.
Formed two interior republics during the 1850s and remained independent until
Discovery of diamonds (1867)
Gold (1885)
Boer wars ( ) & Afrikaner defeat in 1902

17. Patterns of Dominance: Continuity and Change
Pacific Tragedies demographic disaster and social disruption
New Zealand
1790s, first Europeans
Alcoholism, prostitution spread
Maoris adopt firearms
1850s, change
British farmers, herders arrive
Maoris pushed into interior
Adopt European culture
Hawaii - James Cook
Prince Kamehameha
Westernization
1810, rules Hawaiian kingdom
Disease devastates population
Shift-exploited the economy by establishing a plantation sugar system
Asian workers American settlers
Push for annexation
Weak rulers pushed out
1893, last ruler deposed (Queen Liliuokalani)
1898, annexed by United States