1. Georgia and the American Experience
Chapter 11:
Flappers, Depression, and the Global War
Study Presentation
©2005 Clairmont Press

2. Georgia and the American Experience
Section 1: The Roaring Twenties
Section 2: The Great Depression
Section 3: The New Deal
Section 4: World War II
©2005 Clairmont Press

3. Section 1: The Roaring Twenties
ESSENTIAL QUESTION:
What made the 1920s ‘roaring’?

4. Section 1: The Roaring Twenties
What words do I need to know?
jazz
the blues
boll weevil
Great Migration

5. The New Woman 1920 – 19th Amendment gave women the right to vote
More women in the workforce
Flappers: name given to women who took on the new fashion – known for short hair, make-up, dancing, drinking
First women in Georgia legislature: Bessie Kempton Crowell & Viola Ross Napier
Rebecca Latimer Felton first woman in U.S. Senate

6. Music Speakeasies: clubs known for having liquor (which was illegal)
Jazz: became popular music – Louis Armstrong & Duke Ellington
Cotton Club in Harlem NY most famous jazz club
Blues: based on black folk music – Ma Rainey & Bessie Smith
The Charleston was the popular dance

7. Crime Prohibition: laws made sale and distribution of alcohol illegal
Gangsters supplied liquor to speakeasies and clubs
Famous gangsters from New York and Chicago: Al Capone; Baby Face Nelson
Al Capone: “Public Enemy No. 1”

8. Life in the Roaring Twenties
Life in US after World War I was good
More modern conveniences freed women from household chores
Electricity became more available
Other inventions included gas stoves, toasters, sliced bread, baby food
Radio: WSB started in Atlanta
1927: first talking motion picture
Walt Disney creates Mickey Mouse

9. The Destruction of King Cotton
Boll weevil: insect which ate Georgia’s most important cash crop
Price of cotton also dropped
1924: major drought (period with little or no rain) hit Georgia
Georgia farmers did not have the “good life” that many Americans enjoyed
Farms closed forcing banks and farm-related business to close

10. The Great Migration
Many tenant farmers left Georgia to work in northern factories
Chicago and Detroit were popular destinations
Many African Americans moved north for better pay, education, and more citizenship rights such as voting
Young men sent north first to get jobs; sent for the family when they had saved enough money

11. The Klan Strengthens
Targeted African Americans, Jews, Catholics, and immigrants
Number of members increased in every state
1925: Klan march on Washington with 40,000 members
Declining membership by the end of the decade as members were linked to racial terrorism

12. A Special Day
1927: Charles Lindbergh became first person to fly nonstop from New York to Paris
3,600 mile trip, 33 ½ hours – traveled alone
No navigation or weather instruments
Won $25,000 prize
“Spirit of St. Louis” was his plane
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13. Section 2: The Great Depression
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
How did the Great Depression affect Georgians?

14. Section 2: The Great Depression
What words do I need to know?
stock market
Great Depression
laissez-faire
relief

15. The Bottom Drops Out
Stock Market: Place where shares of ownership in corporations (stock) are bought and sold
“Black Tuesday” – October 29, 1929: Stock market prices fall greatly; millions of people loose all their wealth
Total losses by end of year: $40 billion
Example: U.S. Steel was $262 per share – dropped to $22 per share
Some stocks worth less than 1¢

16. Causes of the Depression
Many people had borrowed too much money
Factories produced more goods than they could sell
As people and businesses had problems making money, banks did not get paid for loans
“Speculation” in the stock market: paying only a portion of the price of a stock hoping that the value will go up
Runs on banks: people were afraid they would lose their money if it was left in the bank
laissez-faire: attitude that the economy would fix itself if left alone

17. Living Through the Depression
1932: 13 million unemployed
9,000 banks closed
31 Georgia banks failed
Hoovervilles: named for President Hoover – shacks where homeless people gathered
Soup kitchens set up by charities and governments to feed hungry
Schools were often forced to close or shorten schedules
Georgians were already suffering from economic problems before Black Tuesday

18. Easing the Burden
President Hoover’s plan: government would buy farmer’s crops to help raise the price
Plan did not work, but the food and cotton were used to help the needy
Another plan was to hire unemployed people to do work for the government
Plan did not employ enough people to really help
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19. Section 3: The New Deal ESSENTIAL QUESTION
How did Georgians benefit from the New Deal?

20. Section 3: The New Deal What words do I need to know? New Deal
minimum wage
stretch out
collective bargaining
rural electrification
subsidy
integrate

21. Section 3: The New Deal What people do I need to know?
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Richard B. Russell
Ellis Arnall
Eugene Talmadge

22. The New Deal 1932: Franklin D. Roosevelt elected president
New Deal: Roosevelt’s plan to end the depression
Examined banks for soundness
Give jobs to unemployed workers
Tried to improve American’s lives
Paved the way for recovery though all programs did not work

23. Georgia and the New Deal
NIRA: National Industrial Recovery Act – set minimum wage
Textile mill owners did not like the minimum wage
Stretch out: mill owners tried to make workers work longer, faster, or more tasks
TVA: Tennessee Valley Authority – Blue Ridge Lake, Lake Chatuge, Lake Nottley built
CCC: Civilian Conservation Corps – built many parks, sewer systems, bridges, etc.
REA: Rural Electrification Authority – brought electric power to rural areas

24. African Americans During the New Deal
Did not benefit from many New Deal programs
WPA: Works Public Administration – did employ many African Americans
Roosevelt’s “Black Cabinet”: influential African Americans working with President Roosevelt:
Mary McLeod Bethune
Clark Foreman
Robert Weaver
William Hastie

25. Georgia’s New Deal Governors
Richard B. Russell
Worked to reorganize state government like a successful business
Elected to U.S. Senate and served for 38 years
Eugene Talmadge
Did not like New Deal programs in Georgia
Eurith “Ed” Rivers
Worked with Roosevelt to increase New Deal spending in Georgia
Began programs for public housing
Term ended with corruption problems

26. Georgia’s New Deal Governors
Talmadge re-elected in 1940
Began to use some New Deal programs
Used his power as governor to remove state officials working to integrate Georgia’s state colleges
Ellis Arnall
Reformed Board of Regents and state prisons
Removed poll tax
New state constitution
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27. Section 4: World War II ESSENTIAL QUESTION
How did World War II affect Georgians?

28. Section 4: World War II What words do I need to know? isolationism
dictator
appeasement
World War II
Holocaust
ration
G.I. Bill

29. Increasing Tensions Country Leader Quick Facts
Dictator: individual who ruled a country through military strength
Country
Leader
Quick Facts
Japan
Emporer Hirohito
Attacked China seeking raw materials
Italy
Mussolini
Attacked Ethiopia and Albania
Germany
Adolf Hitler
Nazi leader; began rebuilding military forces, persecuting Jews, and silencing opponents
Soviet Union
Josef Stalin
Built up industry and military, forced peasants into collective farms, eliminated opponents

30. The War Begins
1938: Hitler’s Germany attacks France to “take back” land lost in WWI (Rhineland)
Sent troops to take over Austria, Czechoslovakia, and Poland
Great Britain and France declared war
Soviet Union invaded nearby countries and agreed to split Poland with Germany
By 1940, Hitler controlled Denmark, Norway, Holland, Belgium, Luxembourg and a large part of France and began bombing Great Britain

31. A Neutral United States
Most Americans did not want to get involved in the war, but Roosevelt wanted to help Britain
Hitler turned on Stalin in 1941 and invaded the Soviet Union
Lend-lease: policy to lend or lease (rent) weapons to Great Britain and the Soviet Union
American ships began escorting British ships in convoys

32. “A Day that Will Live in Infamy”
President Roosevelt stopped exports to Japan to protest its expansion into other countries
Exports of oil, airplanes, aviation gasoline and metals were stopped
The Japanese attacked the U.S. Navy fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on Dec. 7, 1941
Japan hoped to destroy the fleet giving them control of the Pacific Ocean
The USA declared war on Japan
Allied Powers: USA, Great Britain, Soviet Union
Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, Japan

33. American Military Forces
Millions of Americans enlisted after the attack on Pearl Harbor
330,000 women joined – could not serve in combat roles
Segregation in the military kept African American and white service men in different units
Tuskegee Airmen: famous African American flyers of the Army Air Force

34. The War in Europe
: British and American troops won control of Africa
1943: Mussolini overthrown and Italy joined the Allies
American general Dwight D. Eisenhower coordinated plan to recapture Europe
D-Day: June 6, 1944 – Allied forces land in northern France
Early 1945: Germans pushed out of France
April 1945: Soviet and American troops meet and Germany surrenders – Hitler commits suicide

35. Georgia Loses a Friend
President Roosevelt visited Georgia often at his “Little White House” in Warm Springs
His polio symptoms were eased in the mineral springs
April 24, 1945: President Roosevelt died at Warm Springs
Millions of Georgians and Americans mouned
Vice President Harry Truman became president

36. The War in the Pacific
1942: Japan expanded its territory throughout the Asian Pacific region
1945: Allied forces began to retake Japanese controlled lands
Japan refused to surrender
President Truman authorized the use of atomic bombs to force Japan’s surrender
Enola Gay: plane that dropped first atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan
Japan surrendered after a second atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki
Over 50 million people died in the war

37. The Holocaust
The Holocaust: name given to the Nazi plan to kill all Jewish people
Auschwitz, Buckenwald, Dachau, Treblinka, Bergen-Belsen infamous concentration camps where Jews and others were executed
6 million people killed in the Holocaust

38. Georgia During World War II
320,000 Georgians joined the armed forces – over 7,000 killed
Military bases were built in the state which improved the economy
Farmers grew needed crops – income tripled for the average farmer
Limits were put on the consumption of goods such as gasoline, meat, butter, and sugar (rationing)
Students were encouraged to buy war bonds and defense stamps to pay for the war
Victory Garden: small family gardens to make sure soldiers would have enough food
POW (prisoner of war) camps in Georgia at some military bases

39. The War’s Effects on Society
Everyone was expected to help in the war effort
Women began working in jobs to replace men who had gone to war
G.I. Bill: law to help returning soldiers adapt to civilian life
Low cost loans for homes or business
College education opportunities
Women and African Americans did not want to go back to the kind of life they had before the war
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