2. MENA MIDDLE EAST (Southwest Asia) & NORTH AFRICA

3. COUNTRY LIST AFGHANISTAN ALGERIA BAHRAIN CYPRUS EGYPT IRAN IRAQ QATAR SAUDI ARABIA SYRIA TUNISIA TURKEY UNITED ARAB EMIRATES YEMEN ISRAEL JORDAN KUWAIT LEBANON LIBYA MOROCCO OMAN

4. PHYSICAL FEATURES LANDFORMS SAHARA DESERT SIANI PENINSULA ARABIAN PENINSULA ATLAS MOUNTAINS TAURUS MOUNTAINS ZAGROS MOUNTAINS ANATOLIAN PLATEAU PLATEAU OF IRAN BODIES OF WATER ATLANTIC OCEAN ARABIAN SEA MEDITERRANEAN SEA BLACK SEA CASPIAN SEA RED SEA PERSIAN GULF GULF OF ADEN GULF OF OMAN NILE RIVER TIGRIS RIVER EUPHRATES RIVER SUEZ CANAL

5. PHYSICAL FEATURES 1.INCLUDES THE WORLD’S LARGEST & LONGEST RIVER 2.A DRY LAND a.LARGEST DRY REGION ON EARTH b.ABOUT 50% OF REGION IS DESERT c.SAHARA – LARGEST DESERT IN THE WORLD i.SIZE OF THE UNITED STATES d.LESS THAN 10% OF SAHARA IS SAND i.WIND FORMS SAND DUNES (ERGS) e.DESERT PAVEMENT (ROCKY, GRAVEL AREAS), MOUNTAINS, AND EXPOSED ROCK

6. 3.WATER IN DRY LAND a.WATER IS ONE OF THE MOST PRECIOUS RESOURCES b.THREE SOURCES OF WATER: i.RAIN (WADI) ii.SPRINGS (OASIS) – FROM VERY LARGE TO SMALL iii.RIVERS – MOST IMPORTANT SOURCE (LARGEST RIVERS = NILE, TIGRIS, EUPHRATES) 4.MAJOR MOUNTAIN RANGES a.TAURUS & ZAGROS MOUNTAINS (TURKEY & IRAN) i.FREQUENT SEISMIC ACTIVITY (EARTHQUAKES) b.ATLAS MOUNTAINS (NORTH AFRICA – MOROCCO AND ALGERIA) i.CREATES RAINFALL ON NORTH AFRICAN COAST (OROGRAPHIC PRECIPITATION) TIGRIS EUPHRATES OASIS WADI

7. 5.NATURAL RESOURCES a.MOST IMPORTANT RESOURCES ARE PETROLEUM & NATURAL GAS i.CONTAINS OVER 60% OF WORLD’S PETROLEUM a)(LIBYA, ALGERIA, & AROUND PERSIAN GULF) ii.OTHER RESOURCES INCLUDE: a)IRON ORE, COPPER, LEAD, MANGANESE, & ZINC 6.POPULATION DENSITY AND DISTRIBUTION a.PEOPLE LIVE NEAR WATER b.POPULATION NOT EVENLY DISTRIBUTED

8. CULTURE 1.NORTH AFRICA & SOUTHWEST ASIA (MIDDLE EAST) are the CROSSROADS FOR PEOPLE OF AFRICA, EUROPE, & ASIA 2.MUCH ETHNIC DIVERSITY A. MUCH CONFLICT 1. ARABS (MUSLIMS) 2.ISRAELIS (MOSTLY JEW) B. NON ARABS 1. IRANIANS, IRAQIS, &AFGHANS 2. TURKS & CYPRIOTS (CYPRUS)

9. 3. POPULATION DENSITY & DISTRIBUTION A. PEOPLE LIVE NEAR WATER B. UNEVEN DISTRIBUTION C. MOST POPULATED COUNTRIES: 1. TURKEY, EGYPT, & IRAN D. MOST DENSELY POPULATED IS BAHRAIN E. POPULATION GROWING AT RAPID RATE: 1. LEADS TO UNEMPLOYMENT MIGRATION 4. URBANIZATION A. FOR CENTURIES, MOST OF REGION WAS RURAL B. SINCE WWII, RAPIDLY BECAME URBANIZED 1. RURAL TO URBAN C. PROPLEMS FROM MOVEMENT: 1. CAN’T SUPPLY FOOD, HOUSING, etc.

10. 4. RELIGION 1.ISLAM 2.JUDAISM 3.CHRISTIANITY 5. LANGUAGE 1.ARABIC 2.HEBREW 6. STANDARDS OF LIVING 1. LOW, MUCH POVERTY, etc.

11. COMMON FACTORS: 1. WHAT DO THE PEOPLE OF MIDDLE EAST & NORTH AFRICA HAVE IN COMMON? A.RELIGION – ISLAM (EXCEPTIONS?) B.LANGUAGE – 1.ARABIC (DIALECTS) 2.ISRAEL – HEBREW C.GEOGRAPHY 1.LACK OF WATER 2.POOR SOIL QUALITY (LITTLE ARABLE LAND) 3.TEMPERATURE EXTREMES D. WAYS TO MAKE A LIVING 1.HERDING – SHEEP, GOATS, AND CAMELS (NOMADIC) 2.AGRICULTURE – FRUITS, & VEGETABLES 3.PETROLEUM INDUSTRY

12. CONFLICT IN THE MIDDLE EAST 1. REASONS FOR CONFLICT: A.FUNDAMENTALISM vs. MODERNIZATION B.FEW, BUT VALUABLE RESOURCES C.WATER SHORTAGES D.UNEVEN DISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH E.FEW DISTINCT BOUNDARIES F.HISTORICAL CONFLICTS ****THE WORLD’S CULTURAL HEARTH**** –TIGRIS – EUPHRATES RIVERS VALLEY (MESOPOTAMIA) –NILE RIVER VALLEY ****FERTILE CRESENT****

13. ISLAM 1.FOUNDER A.MUHAMMED (570 – 632 AD) 1.THE DEATH OF MUHAMMED a. CAUSED A SPLIT IN THE RELIGION SHI’ITE   SUNNI 2. MUSLIM EMPIRE SPREAD FROM SPAIN TO INDIA (711 – 1492) A. TOLERANT VICTORS 1. CHARGED PEOPLE TAXES BUT ALLOWED THEM TO KEEP THEIR RELIGION 2. SEARCHED FOR KNOWLEDGE 3. ADOPTED IDEAS THEY LIKED 3. VERY DIFFICULT TO SEPARATE RELIGION FROM GOV’T

15. THE FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM

16. Shahada (Profession of Faith) The profession of faith: “There is no God but Allah, and Mohammed is his Prophet.”

17. Salah (Prayer) Prayer: Practiced five times a day, according to a set ritual.

18. Zakat (Almsgiving or Charity) Almsgiving: One traditionally donates a portion of one’s income.

19. Sawm (Fasting) Fasting: Done during daylight hours in the month of Ramadan.

20. Hajj (The Pilgrimage) The Hajj: A pilgrimage to Mecca is made once during one’s lifetime.