1. Social Protection in India: Two Initiatives K.P. Kannan, Member National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganised Sector, New Delhi, and Fellow, Centre for Development Studies, Trivandrum, Kerala, India

2. India Many promotional measures but highly inadequate. The challenge is one for extension of coverage and effective implementation. (Child and mother nutrition - ICDS, Mid-Day Meal, PDS, Health care, Primary education - SSA).

3. Leading State In this respect the State of Kerala in southern India is the leading State - both in terms of promotional and protective social security. Reflected in high HDI, GDI and other welfare and recently income indicators. Nearly 60% of informal workers have protective social security cover through the institution of Welfare Funds (28 in all).

4. All and informal workers (in ml.) 1999-00 TotalFemale All workers397124 Informal workers365118 Rural informal workers289102 Urban informal workers7616 Eligible informal workers for social security 29766

5. Two recent and major national initiatives Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005. Unorganised Sector Workers Social Security Bill, 2005 (Draft under debate). Both are ‘rights-based’. One is Promotional. The other is Protective.

6. Main features of REGA Upto 100 days of employment per household on demand. To do unskilled manual work. Wage rate to be fixed by the Central Govt. Employment to be provided within 15 days of demand. Otherwise, unemployment allowance to be paid as determined by the State Government.

7. REGA Implementation by State Governments. State Employment Guarantee Council Standing Committee at the District level. Programme Officer at the Block Level Village Panchayats to send proposals

8. REGA A National Employment Guarantee Fund State Employment Guarantee Fund. All wage costs and 75% of non-wage costs to be borne by the Central Govt. Total cost: Minimum of 1% of GDP (2004- 05). Maximum of 2.5% of GDP. This is equal to 8 to 22% of Central Govt budget.

9. REGA To begin with 200 districts to be covered (nearly one-third). Immediate costs: 2.6 to 7% of Central budget(=around US$100 bn).

10. Main Issues Political commitment of State Governments. Linking projects to physical capital formation. Linking projects to social sector (HD) projects to benefit women. Initiative and capacity of Local Govts (Panchayats)

11. Main features of Soc Security Bill To cover all informal workers in the whole country. Eligible workers estimated at around 300 million. Both rural and urban. Workers in the informal sector as well as informal workers in the formal sector to be covered.

12. National Minimum SS Health cover for family (for sickness for all plus injury to worker and death of breadwinner). Maternity for self or spouse. Life insurance (death and disability). Old age pension

13. Financing Contribution from worker, employer (wherever identifiable, govt if not) and government @ Rs.365 each /year/worker, i.e. Rs.1,095 per year per worker. Contribution of workers belonging to poor households – Central Govt to pay. Contribution of employers who cannot be identified – Central and State Govts to pay at 3:1 ratio.

14. Financing (contd..) Government contribution at 3:1 by Central and State Govts. Contribution of Central Govt (Rs.225.58 bn) and State Govts (Rs.50.1 bn) = 0.8% of GDP (2004-05). Cost to Govt not to exceed 1% of GDP including administrative expenses.

15. Other features of SSBill Proposed NMSS to form the ‘core’. All existing schemes to continue. State Govts may add to the benefits. Many State Govts do have their own schemes.

16. Organisational structure National Social Security Fund and Board State Level SS Board A network of offices of State Boards down to local level called Workers Facilitation Centres (WFC). WFCs are designated agencies such as existing Welfare Funds, Labour Coops, Workers Organisations and/or NGOs.

17. Organisational structure (contd..) If these do not exist, Local Self Govts (Village Panchayats/Nagar Palikas) to act as WFCs.

18. Membership Enrolment by registration. WFCs to assist workers to enrol and get IDs.

19. Delivery of Benefits Insurance-based. State Govts to negotiate with insurance companies. Agreements between State Boards and insurance companies. Delivery: Several options E.g. Through Post Office network (Some State Govts already use this to distribute old age pensions to the aged poor).

20. Phasing To cover all eligible workers within a period of five years.

21. Main Challenges Uneven level of organisation of workers (From high level in Kerala to low level in UP). Calls for concerted public action to mobilise workers. Uneven level of commitment by State Governments.

22. Prospects Political commitment at the national level – Common Minimum Programme Commitment of political parties and trade unions. Availability of ‘best practices’ in a number of States. International commitment. Eg. ILO’s Global Campaign on Extension of Social Security.