1. Volcanoes Volcanology: The study of volcanoes
Vulcanologists: scientists who study volcanoes

2. Anatomy of a Volcano Central vent: where major eruption occurs
Flank vent: secondary vent
Magma chamber: where magma stays until pressure forces it up the vent
Fumarole: flank vent that releases gas only

3. A. Magma and Lava
Volcanism: any activity that includes the movement of magma towards or on the Earth's surface

4. Magma
Magma: liquid rock - volcanic rock found below the Earth's surface; solid rock can become magma when liquid (water) is added (subduction zones)

5. Lava: magma that erupts onto the Earth's surface
Magma can flow onto Earth's surface through an opening - vent - or crack - fissure
A volcano is any structure formed on Earth's surface by the vent and volcanic material that builds up around it

6. B. Major Volcano Zones 1. Subduction zones –
a. oceanic lithosphere melts as it plunges beneath the continental plate, water added to mantle material creates magma ex. Ring of Fire
b. ocean trenches where oceanic subducts under oceanic creates volcanic islands arcs
ex. Aleutian Islands, AK, Japan

7. 2. Mid-ocean ridges
magma flows up through rift zone, can form underwater volcanoes
ex. Iceland - MOR above sea-level; contains many fissures

8. 3. Hot spots - in the middle of a plate is a spot where magma flows upward; plate moves over the hot spot and form a volcano; volcano is carried away by plate and become extinct
ex. Hawaiian Islands
A new Hawaiian island forming underwater - Loihi

9. C. Types of Lava The violence of an eruption depends on:
type of magma (minerals)
temperature of the magma
The amount of dissolved gases

10. Viscosity viscosity - resistance to flow More viscous - flows slowly
Less viscous - flows quickly

11. Mafic Lava Dark colored Contains magnesium and iron
Makes up oceanic crust
Is hot and thin, less viscous - flows quickly - gases escape easily - "quiet flow"
ex. Hawaiian volcanoes

12. Pahoehoe
If mafic lava cools slowly: forms wrinkly crust - pahoehoe - Hawaiian for "ropy"

13. Aa
if it cools quickly: it forms rough, jagged chunks - aa

14. Lava Tubes
If outer edges cool quickly and inner lava still flows: creates tunnel called lava tubes

15. Pillow Lava
Lava flowing out of fissures on ocean floor: cools quickly & forms rounded pillow lava

16. Felsic Lava Is light colored Contains silica
Makes up continental crust
Is cool and thick, more viscous - lots of trapped gases - explosive!
ex. continental volcanoes - Mt. St. Helens

17. D. Pyroclastic material
These are rock fragments sent into the air from explosive felsic lava eruptions
They are described by size

18. Volcanic Dust and Ash Volcanic dust < 0.25 mm in diameter
Volcanic ash > mm
These may travel far from the eruption!!

19. Lapilli, Bombs and Blocks
Lapilli "little stones“
mm; they fall near the vent
Volcanic bombs -clumps of lava sent spinning thru the air
Volcanic blocks - large rocks blasted from fissure; can be house-size

20. Pyroclastic flow The most deadly aspect to volcanic eruptions
Combination of hot, toxic gases coming from vents, up to 1000 C, and 750 km/hr
More dense than air, so rolls into villages killing victims quickly (e.g. Pompeii)
Video:

21. E. Volcano Types how do volcanoes form. http://videos. howstuffworks

22. 1. Shield Volcanoes
Form: when hot, mafic lava builds up around the vent - form cones
Have wide, broad bases and gently sloping sides, medium height
ex. Hawaiian Islands

23. 2. Cinder Cone Volcanoes
Very steep sloped sides, short (few hundred meters)
Formed from layers of ash and other explosive pyroclastic materials
ex. Sunset Crater, AZ

24. 3. Composite Volcanoes, or Stratovoclanoes
Composite means a mix of unlike things, “strato-” means layer
Formed from alternating layers of lava and ash
ex. Mt. Fuji, Mount Hood, Mt. St. Helens

25. Crater A pit at top of volcano, formed when material is blown out
Usually widens due to weathering and erosion
Often a smaller cone may form inside crater
When filled with water = a crater lake - Crater Lake National Park, Oregon

26. Caldera A large, basin shaped depression formed from a crater
If magma chamber is empty, the crater collapses - forms caldera
Also formed from huge eruptions
ex. Krakatau

27. F. Predicting Volcanic Eruptions
Scientists use the following to predict EQs:
1. seismographs monitor for small EQs from growing pressure, that often precede eruptions
2. slight bulging of surface from magma pushing out
3. change in ground tilt

28. 4. gases
5. history of previous eruptions
Very few volcanoes have a lengthy history to study; constant monitoring is required

29. G. Extraterrestrial Volcanoes
Moon - was once volcanically active - evidence of lava flows
Craters - a result of bombardment by meteorites)

30. Mars - many volcanoes and volcanic features
Olympic Mons - shield volcano - 28 km above surface, base = 600 km; probably stayed on lava source for millions years (no plate tectonics)
Still active volcanoes on Mars?? Not sure, but it is seismically active

31. Io
Moon of Jupiter
Many active volcanoes - more eruptions; more material ejected than on Earth each month; probably sulfuric lava
Spectacular eruptions - umbrella-shaped plumes hundreds km high
Vulcanism probably caused by friction

32. Importance of Volcanoes
all original rocks on Earth's crust were formed from cooled magma and/or lava
water vapor from volcanoes early in Earth's history may have formed oceans
gases from early eruptions formed the atmosphere
volcanism adds new crust and reshapes planet each year

33. Supervolcanoes What are they? ex: under Yellowstone National Park
Several on youtube.com
ex: under Yellowstone National Park

34. Tsunami and landslides
Alaska:
Volcano driven: East coast US (when ?)
10 ways the Earth will end: