1. What phase of water is most common on Earth?
Classifying Matter
What phase of water is most common on Earth?

2. Matter: Classifying stopper nail test tube pipet rubber band ruler
Given the following materials, use classification to separate them into several groups
stopper
test tube
rubber band
paper clip
copper wire
colored pencil
penny
nail
pipet
ruler
spool
bolt
beaker
toothpick
index card

3. Physical & Chemical properties
Matter has both physical and chemical characteristics. Any characteristic of a material that can be observed without changing the substances that make up the material is a physical property. Any characteristic that describes how one material interacts with another material is a chemical property.

4. Four groups based on the makeup of matter:
Elements are the simplest pure substances. An element cannot be changed into simpler substances by any chemical process. Elements are made up of atoms

5. Four groups based on the makeup of matter:
Compounds are pure substances made up of more than one element. Atoms of the elements in a compound are chemically bonded together to form molecules. Molecules are changed during chemical reactions.

6. Four groups based on the makeup of matter:
Mixtures consists of two or more substances mixed together but not chemically combined. Substances in mixtures can be separated by physical means.

7. Properties of Mixtures:
Each substance retains all its own chemical properties.
The substances can be present in any amount.
The substances in a mixture can be separated by simple physical means.

8. Types of mixtures:
Heterogeneous - not identical throughout - not mixed well.
Homogeneous - identical properties throughout - well mixed.

9. Four groups based on the makeup of matter:
Solutions are special mixtures formed when one substance dissolves in another

10. Parts of a solution:
Solvent - the most abundant substance in the solution.
Solute - the least abundant substance in the solution.

11. Solution concentration:
a comparison of the amount of solute dissolved in an amount of solvent. One way is to express concentration is by using percentage of mass. For example, a 5% solution of sodium hydroxide contains 5g sodium hydroxide in each 100g of solution.

12. Solutions have two main traits:
Particles are too small to see.
Particles are evenly distributed.

13. All solutions are not liquids
Air is a solution of gases.
Steel is a solution of metals

14. What phase of water is most common on Earth?
Most of the water on Earth is in the liquid phase. While oceans obviously come to mind, there are huge amounts of liquid water under ground. Much of this water is found in underground rivers known as "aquifers".

15. Matter is known to exist in 4 phases
Phases of Matter
Matter is known to exist in 4 phases
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Plasma

16. Phase change:
The physical change of matter from one phase to another. A phase change takes place because the particles of a substance gain or lose energy, causing them to change their motion.

17. 7 Possible Phase Changes:
Condensation - gas to liquid
Freezing - liquid changes to solid
Sublimation - solid changes to gas

18. 7 Possible Phase Changes:
Melting - solid changes to liquid
Vaporization - liquid changes to gas
Snow gas changes to solid
Evaporation - vaporization that takes place at the surface of a liquid.

19. Phase change:

20. Every pure substance has a:
Freezing point temperature - the temperature at which a liquid changes to a solid.
Melting point temperature - the temperature at which a solid changes to a liquid.

21. Every pure substance has a:
Boiling point temperature - the temperature at which a liquid boils.

22. Fluid
any substance that flows. Liquids and gases are fluids.

23. Viscosity the resistance of a fluid to flow.
Water has a low viscosity.
Honey has a high viscosity.

24. Elements and Compounds
Element cannot be changed by chemical means.

25. Elements and Compounds
Atom the smallest particle of an element
Chemical symbols - a shorthand for elements
Compound - two or more elements chemically combined

26. Elements and Compounds
Molecule - the smallest particle of a compound
Chemical formulas - combinations of chemical symbols representing compounds

27. Chemical Symbols Represent Elements
Chemical symbols can be one or two letters. The first letter is always a capital case and the second letter is always a small case. Do not get sloppy when writing chemical symbols.

28. What number is never used as a subscript in a chemical formula?1

29. Chemical formulas represent compounds
Oxidation numbers are used to determine the ratio in which elements combine to form compounds.

30. Can you identify the atom represented here?
An atom is mostly empty space.
The Bohr Model:
                             
What makes up most of the volume of an atom?

31. Neutrons Sample Problem: How many neutrons are in a zinc atom?
atomic number - atomic mass = # neutrons
= 35 neutrons