1. COMMERCIAL BUILDING ENERGY AUDITS PRESENTATION
for
NEW MEXICO ASSOCIATION
OF ENERGY ENGINEERS
Albuquerque, New Mexico
February 22, 2011 by
Donald E. Swick, PE

2. COMMERCIAL BUILDING ENERGY AUDITS PRESENTATION
Following
ASHRAE Procedures for
Commercial Building Energy Audits
Published by ASHRAE in 2004
Research Project 669 developed standard
format for reporting results of analysis.
Special Project 56 developed scope of work
for various levels of analysis.

3. GOALS OF TRAINING SESSION
Understand current demand for Energy Audits
Define four levels of energy audits and application
Know level of effort expected for each type of audit
Understand Energy Star Target Finder benchmarking
Know limitations of simple payback energy analysis
Exposure to various energy analysis software tools
Awareness of requirements for life cycle cost analysis
Identify final Report presentation requirements

4. ENERGY AUDIT OBJECTIVES
The objectives of an energy analysis or audit are to identify and develop modifications that will reduce the energy use and/or cost of operating a building. The results should be presented in a format that will provide the information needed by an owner/operator to decide if any or all of the recommended modifications should be implemented.

5. CURRENT DRIVERS FOR ENERGY AUDIT SERVICES
Demand for energy audit services can be attributed to one or more of the following items:
Increasing impact of utility costs on overall operation cost of buildings
Competitive real estate market now including energy ranking as a factor in purchasing a building.
State and local energy conservation codes requiring higher efficiency for new construction, and building additions or retrofit projects
Federal, state and local governments and corporate policies demands construction and occupancy in “LEED Certified or Green Buildings”

6. BUILDING ENERGY CODES AND STANDARDS

7. 10 COMMON PROBLEMS IN ENERGY AUDITS
Reference ASHRAE Journal February 2011
10. Inadequate review (30% of Audits)
Overestimated savings (53% of Audits)
In adequate billing analysis (57% of Audits)
Poor Building description (60% of Audits)
Low (or missing) installed costs (60% of Audits)

8. 10 COMMON PROBLEMS IN ENERGY AUDITS
Reference ASHRAE Journal February 2011
5. Poor improvement selection (63% of Audits)
4. No Life-cycle costing (73% of Audits)
3. Improvement life too long or not provided (73% of Audits)
2. Weak improvement scope (77% of Audits)
1. Missed improvements (80% of Audits)

9. 10 COMMON PROBLEMS IN ENERGY AUDITS
Neglected at least three improvement
High efficiency HVAC
High efficiency Domestic Hot Water
High efficiency Lighting
Lighting Power Density
Lighting Control
Wall or Roof Insulation
Motor Drives
HVAC Controls
Fenestration Treatment

10. KEY ELEMENTS OF AUDIT Analysis of current energy consumption.
Description and analysis of existing energy using systems.
Presentation of engineering and economic analysis.

11. ANALYSIS OF CURRENT ENERGY CONSUMPTION
Obtain two or more years of utility data, review building plans and conduct site walk-through to establish:
Type building, principal use, and floor area, ft2
Annual Energy Utilization Index, kBtu / ft2
Annual Energy Cost Index, $ / ft2
Breakdown spaces by function, use and area.
Determine maintenance problems or practices affecting energy efficiency
Conduct Benchmarking to compare energy and cost indices with similar facilities

12. DESCRIPTION AND ANALYSIS OF EXISTING ENERGY SYSTEMS
Description and analysis of the energy-using systems of this building, resulting from on-site observations, measurement, and engineering calculation, including:
Envelope (wall, roof, floor, slab, windows, doors skylights)
Lighting (interior and exterior)
HVAC
Domestic hot water
Equipment
Food preparation
Conveying systems
Other systems

13. PRESENTATION OF ENERGY AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
As result of engineering analysis and economic calculations, develop:
Breakdown of the components of annual energy use and cost
Recommended energy conservation measures including predicted savings and cost to implement
Description and cost estimate of necessary repairs in order for energy conservation measures to be effective
A description and cost estimated of measurement and verification methods needed to determine project effectiveness
Energy analysis summary
Present and target energy use and cost
Savings from recommended measures and comparison to ultimate target

14. PROCEDURES FOR ENERGY AUDIT AND ANLYSIS
Provide sufficient information for the owner/operator to understand:
Breakdown of the components of annual energy use and cost
Need to commit necessary resources for building energy costs, operation and maintenance costs including personnel, and any energy efficiency capital improvement projects
Appropriateness of recommended measures, based on institutional and organization issues (i.e. regulatory environment, financial options, and occupant requirements)
Understand different levels of energy analysis can be performed based on specific purpose of owner from simple ranking of building energy usage, to contemplating major energy-saving capital improvements requiring significant level of confidence in results of engineering and economic analysis

15. CATEGORIES OF ENERGY AUDIT AND ENGINEERING ANALYSIS
As result of various needs of building owner, the levels of analysis are organized into the following categories:
Preliminary Energy Use Analysis
Level I Analysis – Walk-Through Analysis
Level II Analysis – Energy Survey and Analysis
Level III Analysis – Detailed Analysis of Capital Intensive Modifications

16. PRELIMINARY ENERGY USE ANALYSIS -DETAILS
Potential Owner Interface and Information
Executive Management - Corporate goals
Facility Managers - Drawing, maintenance policies, previous energy conservation projects, schedule of facilities.

17. PRELIMINARY ENERGY USE ANALYSIS -DETAILS
Review of Utility Data
Show examples of data for various facilities and explain what we can determine from the data about a facility
Determine potential local utility rebate programs

18. PRELIMINARY ENERGY USE ANALYSIS -DETAILS
EPA Energy Star Benchmarking
Demonstrate Energy Star Target Finder analysis (based on U.S. Energy Information Administration - Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey)

19. PRELIMINARY ENERGY USE ANALYSIS -DETAILS
EPA Energy Star Benchmarking
Demonstrate Energy Star Target Finder analysis (based on U.S. Energy Information Administration - Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey)
g_design.bus_target_finder

20. ENERGY STAR TARGET FINDER

21. PRELIMINARY ENERGY USE ANALYSIS -DETAILS
EPA Energy Star Benchmarking
U.S. Energy Information Administration - Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey)
tailed_tables_2003/detailed_tables_2003.html#co nsumexpen03

22. PRELIMINARY ENERGY USE ANALYSIS - REPORT
Provide description of facility, occupancy, usage and floor area.
Present Summary Table / Graph of Utility Bills
Annual totals per fuel, average cost ($/unit) and cost per sq. ft. floor area
Present results of Energy Star Target Finder
Present preliminary list of potential operation, maintenance and energy efficiency projects for further analysis.

23. LEVEL I ANALYSIS – WALK THROUGH SERVICE -DETAILS
Complete steps of a Preliminary Audit.
Potential Owner Interface and Information
Facility Managers - Compare drawing to actual facility conditions, ask about equipment replacement plans, maintenance procedures, effectiveness of previous energy conservation projects, operation and schedule of equipment and facilities.

24. LEVEL I ANALYSIS – WALK THROUGH SERVICE -DETAILS
Existing Building Survey Information - Review drawings and documentation
Envelope components (Wall Roof, Floor, Windows, Doors, Skylights, etc.)
HVAC Systems equipment components and control strategies
Lighting fixture types and controls
Other energy usage systems
Occupancy information

25. LEVEL I ANALYSIS – WALK THROUGH SERVICE -DETAILS
Identify savings and cost analysis for low cost/no cost measures
Lighting retrofits having fastest payback
Better controls systems or strategies
Obvious energy wasting operation (i.e. malfunctioning equipment, simultaneous heating and cooling)
Include utility rebates in cost analysis

26. LEVEL I ANALYSIS – WALK THROUGH SERVICE -DETAILS
Provide a list of potential capital improvement measures (further analysis required)
Building envelope feature (i.e. tinting or insulated windows, better roof insulation)
HVAC retrofits including higher efficiency equipment, VFD for fans and pumps, improved building automation controls)
Lighting retrofit requiring significant investment such as LED light sources, high bay and light poles.

27. LEVEL I ANALYSIS – WALK THROUGH SERVICE - REPORT
Provide description of facility, occupancy, usage and floor area.
Present Summary Table / Graph of Utility Bills Annual totals per fuel, average cost ($/unit) and cost per sq. ft. floor area
Quantify savings potential of changing eligible alternate fuel rate structures.
Present results of Energy Star Target Finder

28. LEVEL I ANALYSIS – WALK THROUGH SERVICE - REPORT
Summary of special problems or needs identified for operational or maintenance procedures.
Preliminary end use energy breakdown estimate of major energy using components of the building.

29. LEVEL I ANALYSIS – WALK THROUGH SERVICE - REPORT
List of low cost/no cost savings estimate of energy savings.
List of potential capital improvement projects with initial estimate of energy savings and installation costs.

30. LEVEL II ANALYSIS – ENERGY SURVEY AND ANALYSIS -DETAILS
Complete steps of a Level I Walk Through Analysis services
Potential Owner Interface and Information
Executive Managemenr - Corporate financial criteria and guidelines
Facility Managers - Discuss potential energy conservation projects to compliment equipment replacement plans, anticipated changes to operation and schedule of equipment and facilities.

31. LEVEL II ANALYSIS – ENERGY SURVEY AND ANALYSIS -DETAILS
Potential Owner Interface and Information (cont.)
Operators and Technicians - Status of current equipment, validation of operational controls, existing problems areas, actual maintenance level of implementation, and modification not shown on drawings

32. LEVEL II ANALYSIS – ENERGY SURVEY AND ANALYSIS -DETAILS
Existing Building On-Site Survey Information, validate drawings and other documentation
Envelope components (Wall Roof, Floor, Windows, Doors, Skylights, etc.)
HVAC Systems components and control strategies and setpoints
Lighting fixture types, quantities and controls
Equipment schedules , space and occupancy information

33. LEVEL II ANALYSIS – ENERGY SURVEY AND ANALYSIS -DETAILS
Breakdown of energy use within building
Provide estimate based on Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey data from the U.S. Energy Information Administration
Conduct preliminary energy analysis with energy simulation software (i.e eQuest, Trane Tracer or Carrier HAP-Wizard level).

34. SELECTION OF ENERGY ANALYSIS SOFTWARE

35. eQuest ENERGY ANALYSIS SOFTWARE

36. TRANE TRACE 700 ENERGY ANALYSIS SOFTWARE

37. CARRIER HAP ENERGY ANALYSIS SOFTWARE
2CCLI1_DIV12_ETI496_MID4355%2C00.html

38. LEVEL II ANALYSIS – ENERGY SURVEY AND ANALYSIS -DETAILS
Identify recommended changes to operation and maintenance activities
Provide energy savings and cost analysis (i.e. simple payback) of practical measures that meet owners constraints and capital improvement criteria
Building envelope feature (i.e. tinting or insulated windows, skylights)

39. LEVEL II ANALYSIS – ENERGY SURVEY AND ANALYSIS -DETAILS
Provide energy savings and cost analysis (cont.)
HVAC retrofits involving complete replacement of existing systems including higher efficiency equipment, VFD for fans and pumps, improved building automation controls
Lighting retrofit replacing MV or HID High bay fixtures with T5 Reflective High bay Fixtures or LED lamps for more efficient lamp/fixture systems.
Include utility rebates in cost analysis

40. ABB FAN SAVER SOFTWARE
256f2d aspx

41. ABB PUMP SAVER SOFTWARE
b70043c53a.aspx

42. LEVEL II ANALYSIS – ENERGY SURVEY AND ANALYSIS -DETAILS
Provide a list of capital intensive improvement that require further data and analysis.
Building envelope feature (i.e. better wall or roof insulation)
HVAC retrofits involving complete replacement of existing systems and significant upgrades to building automation controls).

43. LEVEL II ANALYSIS – ENERGY SURVEY AND ANALYSIS -DETAILS
Provide a list of capital intensive improvement that require further data and analysis (cont.)
Lighting retrofit requiring significant investment such as LED light sources for high bay and light poles.
Alternative energy generation systems like geothermal, solar PV, solar hot water, and wind energy.

44. LEVEL II ANALYSIS – ENERGY SURVEY AND ANALYSIS - REPORT
Provide summary of energy use and cost associated with each major component. Specify Computer software analysis utilized. Compare actual total utility usage and calculated energy estimates.
Provide description of building including floor plans, and inventories of major equipment (place details in Appendices)

45. eQUEST ENERGY ANALYSIS USE ANNUAL BREAKDOWN REPORT

46. eQUEST ENERGY ANALYSIS USE MONTHLY BREAKDOWN REPORT

47. eQUEST ENERGY ANALYSIS USE MONTHLY PEAK LOAD REPORT

48. eQUEST ENERGY ANALYSIS USE MONTHLY FUEL COST REPORT

49. LEVEL II ANALYSIS – ENERGY SURVEY AND ANALYSIS - REPORT
List measure that are impractical or not applicable for the facility
Provide discussion of recommended energy conservation measures
Existing situation now wasting energy
Measures impact on health, safety and comfort
Required repairs of existing equipment
Impact on occupants, O&M procedures and staff
Useful life of equipment

50. LEVEL II ANALYSIS – ENERGY SURVEY AND ANALYSIS - REPORT
Provide Summary Table with name of energy conservation measure, estimated annual energy savings, estimated installation cost, and simple payback period. Provide project summary for implementation of all recommendations measures.
Recommend Measurement and Verification methods to validate performance of projects.
Discuss potential capital intensive measures requiring a Level III analysis.

51. Potential Owner Interface and Information
LEVEL III – DETAILED ANALYSIS OF CAPITAL-INTENSIVE MODIFICATIONS-DETAILS
Complete steps of a Level II – Energy Survey and Analysis services
Potential Owner Interface and Information
Executive Management - Owner provided detail financial criteria for life cycle cost analysis and third party financing as applicable
Facility Managers - Discuss potential construction contractor and maintenance contractors that can assist with cost estimated for detailed analysis,

52. LEVEL III – DETAILED ANALYSIS OF CAPITAL-INTENSIVE MODIFICATIONS-DETAILS
Existing Building On-Site Survey Information, validate drawings and other documentation
Envelope components (Wall Roof, Floor, Windows, Doors, Skylights, etc.)
HVAC Systems components and control strategies
Lighting fixture types and controls
Equipment schedules , space and occupancy information

53. Conduct more rigorous energy analysis
LEVEL III – DETAILED ANALYSIS OF CAPITAL-INTENSIVE MODIFICATIONS-DETAILS
Conduct more rigorous energy analysis
Conduct energy simulation analysis with hour simulation software (i.e Trane Tracer or Carrier HAP-Detail level).
Requires well defined building envelope information
Detail HVAC Systems components and control strategies
Accurate lighting and other electrical equipment levels and schedules

54. Complete life cycle cost analysis of alternatives are conducted
LEVEL III – DETAILED ANALYSIS OF CAPITAL-INTENSIVE MODIFICATIONS-DETAILS
Detail construction costs estimates or contractor price quotes are obtained.
Equipment O&M and replacements costs are determined from service contractors.
Complete life cycle cost analysis of alternatives are conducted
Life Cycle Costing Manual - Federal EnergyManagement Program
Conclusions are presented based on LCC evaluation of all alternatives.
Conduct energy simulation analysis with hour simulation software (i.e Trane Tracer or Carrier HAP-Detail level).
Requires well defined building envelope information
Detail HVAC Systems components and control strategies
Accurate lighting and other electrical equipment levels and schedules

55. LIFE CYCLE COSTING MANUAL FEDERAL ENERGY MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

56. USER-FRIENDLY LIFE CYCLE COST ANALYSIS

57. LIFE CYCLE COST ANALYSIS HVAC EQUIPMENT USEFUL LIFE
Reference ASHRAE 2007 HVAC Application Handbook, Chapter 36

58. USER-FRIENDLY LIFE CYCLE COST ANALYSIS

59. LIFE CYCLE COST ANALYSIS SUMMARY GRAPH

60. LEVEL III – DETAILED ANALYSIS OF CAPITAL-INTENSIVE MODIFICATIONS-REPORT
Include text, schematics and equipment lists necessary to completely describe the measure. Preliminary engineering information and detailed estimates or firm price quotes should support cost estimates.
Prepare a financial evaluation of the estimated capital improvement projected energy savings.
Use the owner’s chosen techniques and criteria as requested in final presentation.

61. COMMERCIAL BUILDING ENERGY AUDITS PRESENTATION
QUESTIONS