1. FIXED MARINE STRUCTURES
By: Cameron Roy

2. Uses
Piers
Wharves
Bulkheads
Quays
Dolphins
Trestles
Catwalks
Moles

3. Pier
A pier is a raised walkway over water, supported by widely spread piles or pillars

4. Bulkhead
Coastal bulkheads are most often referred to as seawalls, bulkheading, or riprap revetments. These manmade structures are constructed along shorelines with the purpose of controlling beach erosion.

5. Trestle
A trestle is a rigid frame used as a support, especially referring to a path supported by a number of such braced frames or short spans supported by splayed vertical elements (usually for railroad use).

6. Marine Engineering
Marine Engineering involves the design, construction, installation, operation and support of the systems and equipment which propel and control marine vehicles, and of the systems which make a vehicle or structure habitable for crew, passengers and cargo.

7. Open Vs. Closed Fill Construction
Closed - manufactured in such a way that various portions cannot be readily inspected at the installation site without their disassembly or destruction.
Open - manufactured in such a way that all portions can be readily inspected at the installation site without disassembly or destruction.

8. 2 Types of Closed Fill Construction
Sheet pile cofferdam structures and Concrete caissons
Use weight and gravity as their primary structural components
Suited for areas where shallow rock exists
Ideal for structures that require resistance to high lateral pressure and overturning
Concrete and stone offer great compressive strength

9. Sheet Pile Cofferdam Structures
A watertight structure that encloses an area under water, pumped dry to enable construction work to be carried out.
Constructed by driving a series of thin retaining dividers in the form of interconnecting circles or diaphragms and filling the voids with a concrete or stone substrate
The system is divided into smaller diaphragms because excessive concrete would cause to much lateral pressure during the curing phase and could cause the supporting sheet piles to give out

10. Sheet Pile Cofferdam Structures

11. http://video. google. com/videosearch

12. Concrete Caissons
A caisson is a retaining, watertight structure used, for example, to work on the foundations of a bridge pier, for the construction of a concrete dam, or for the repair of ships.
Concrete caissons consist of circular steel or concrete tubes drilled into the ground
The tubes are filled with concrete or an equivalent structural material
The caisson will be brought down through soft mud until a suitable foundation material is encountered. While bedrock is preferred, a stable, hard mud is sometimes used when bedrock is too deep.

13. Concrete Caissons

15. http://video. google. com/videosearch

16. Pile Supported Construction
End Bearing Pile Loads – get strength from the dense soils or rock located below the upper layer of sand
Friction Pile Loads – get strength from the surrounding cohesive soil
Pile construction is generally used where lateral load is not a huge concern.

17. Pile Supported Construction

18. Factor Involved in Determining the Best Type of Structure to Use
Subsurface soil conditions
Bedrock depth
Bearing material
Water depth

19. Subsurface Soil Conditions
Subsurface soil can be made up of materials such as sand, stone, clay, silt or any combination of the four
Pre-construction involves consulting with a soil engineering firm so the engineers can administer any necessary test involved with designing a safe and sturdy structure

20. Bedrock Depth/Water Depth
Bedrock depth is an important consideration because you need to know how deep you need to drive piles or columns to meet the required live and dead loads
Live Load – any projected load the structure will have to support that is not connected to the structure itself (people, equipment, etc)
Dead Load – weight bearing or non-weight bearing materials connected to the structure

21. Bearing Material
Important in determining what equipment to use and the means of acquiring it
Contractors need to know this when figuring out how to cut costs
Local cost and availability of construction materials and labor

22. Other Factor That May Affect the Choice Between Open and Closed Type Construction
The magnitude and nature of loadings
Hydraulic conditions such as wave action and currents
Fire hazard and safety-related requirements
Damage susceptibility and ease of repairs
Construction schedule and weather considerations
Local construction practices
Environmental and regulatory concerns over water circulation and habitat loss

23. THE END