1. Group/Team based Incentives
Session-14

2. Introduction
Reward all team members equally based on overall performance of the team
Performance is evaluated using an objective standard
Fosters cohesiveness among the team members
Motivate to think as a unit
Easy to measure the overall performance of the team

3. The objectives are:-
Creation of the collective interest and team sprit among the workers.
Creation of interest among the superiors to improve performance.
Reduction of wastage in materials and elimination of idle-time.

4. Conditions Under Which Team-Based Plans Are Most Likely to Succeed
When work tasks are so intertwined that it is difficult to single out who did what.
When the firm’s structure and systems facilitate the implementation of team-based incentives.
When the objective is to foster entrepreneurship in self-managed work groups.
A group of persons of different skills is required for the execution of the work due to its nature.

5. Conditions for Successful Group/Team Incentives

6. Priestman’s production bonus
A standard is fixed in terms of units or points
When actual output > Standard output, workers will receive bonus in proportion to the increase
Can operate for mass production of a standard product

7. Rucker plan
Employees receive a constant proportion of the added value (which is defined as sales minus raw materials and services)
The ascertainment of the ratio of earnings & added value is done.
The rationale behind using this formula is that effects not controllable by employees, such as inflation and market factors, are not included in the formula.
Rucker plan is known as share of production plan.

8. Rucker plan It works in this manner:
a firm has costs for producing it's service or product.
If a firm is able to keep those costs under control, it's profitability will increase.
Employee input into how to better decrease costs/improve efficiency is actively encouraged.
Resultant costs savings from employee input that increase profitability are shared with employees in some form of bonus.

9. Scanlon plan This is similar to Rucker plan
Instead of the ratio between earnings & added value as considered in case of Rucker plan, the ratio between earnings & selling price of production is taken as the basis in case of Scanlon plan.
This is a Cost saving productivity-incentive plan in which any saving (computed per unit of output) compared with an agreed upon standard labor cost is shared equally between the workers and the firm.

10. Scanlon plan A simple piece of logic at the heart of the Scanlon plan:
If all employees have a personal and tangible financial stake in the success of a corporation, they will contribute more actively to its success.
In such a system, employees are made part of the process of allocating labor and capital resources within the company.
Employees then collectively share a portion of any cost savings that they are able to generate through systematic improvements or more dedicated and productive labor.

11. Difference between Scanlon plan and Rucker plan
There are two major differences between the Scanlon and Rucker plans:
(a)Rucker plans tie incentives to a wide variety of savings, not just the labor savings focused on in Scanlon plans.
Due to this greater flexibility Rucker plans are more amenable to linkages with individual incentive plans
(b)In Scanlon plan, rewards come from employee participation in improving productivity and reducing cost.
In Rucker plan, the rewards come from the difference between the labour cost and sales value of production.

12. Towne plan Standard cost of labour is set under this plan.
In addition to the wages earned, the workers become qualified to receive bonus for any reduction in the labour cost as compared to the standard labour cost.
50% of the savings in labour cost is distributed among workers and supervisors in proportion to their wages.

13. Allocation Methods Equal incentive payments
Differential payments based on contribution to goals
Differential payments according to base pay

14. Example of Group Incentive Plan - 3-M
Base pay fixed at 80% of market
Employees have a set of objectives to meet for pay to move to 100% of market
Additionally, there is a modest profit sharing component

15. Advantages Disadvantages
Team spirit development
increased output
Wastage minimization
Better quality of work
Automatic training
The bonus is shared by all, irrespective of the comparative efficiency of the workers in a group.
competition between groups.
successful groups can resist change.
Free-riding effect
It can take time for members of a group to work well with each other.

16. Organization wide incentive plans

17. Introduction
Reward employees on the basis of the success of the organization over a specified time period
Promote a culture of ownership
Develop a sense of belongingness, cooperation and team work
Profit sharing, gain sharing and ESOP

18. Profit sharing
A scheme whereby employers undertake to pay a particular potion of net profits to their employees on compliance with certain service conditions and qualification.
The purpose is mainly to strengthen the loyalty of employees to the firm by offering them an annual bonus.
The share of profit of the worker may be given in cash or in the form of shares in the company. 
These shares are called bonus shares.
In India, the share of the worker is governed by the Payment of Bonus act.

19. Merits:
Demerits:
Inspires the management and the worker to be sincere, devoted and loyal to the firm
It enables the workers to lead a rich life
Likely to induce motivation in the workers and other staff for quicker and better work
Workers  do not require close supervision.
It attracts talented people
Profit sharing is, in practice a fair weather plan. 
Management may dress up profit figures and deprive the workers of their legitimate share in the profits.
Workers tend to impair the solidarity of trade unions.
Fixation of worker’s share in the profits of firm may prove to be a bone  of contention in the long run.

20. Gain sharing
when employees make a suggestion that improves the organization, a percentage of the organization’s gain from the suggestion is shared with the employees who made the suggestion
Example:
Employees make suggestions
Management reviews the submitted suggestions, determines the improvement (gain) from each suggestion, and decides which suggestions to implement
A percentage of the gain from a suggestion is shared with the employees who made the suggestion

21. Gain sharing
A gain sharing plan aims at increasing productivity or decreasing labour costs and sharing the resultant gains (usually a lump sum payment) with employees.
It is based on mathematical formula that compares a baseline of performance with actual productivity during a given period.
Gain sharing is built around the idea that the involved employees will improve productivity through more effective use of organizational  resources.
Three major types of gain sharing plans are currently in use. Scanlon Plan, Rucker Plan and Improshare.
Improshare stands for improved productivity through savings. This plan is similar to a piece rate except that it rewards all employees in an organization.
Input is measured in hours and output in physical units.
A standard is calculated and bonuses are paid based on the extent to which the standard is exceeded.
The employees and the organization each receive payment for 50 per cent of the improvements.

22. Gain sharing
Unlike profit sharing plans which have deferred payments, gain sharing plans are current distribution plans.
They are directly related to individual   behaviour and are distributed on a monthly or quarterly basis.
Gain sharing  plans tend to increase the level of cooperation across workers and teams  by giving them a common goal.
Managers are not required to base their calculations on complex mathematical formulae, nor are they required to closely look into the specific contributions of individuals or independent  teams. 
It is easier for both to formulate bonus calculations and to achieve employees’ acceptance of those plans.
Gain sharing plans may fail due to reasons such as:
poorly deigned bonus formulae
lack of management support for employee participation
poor communication
lack of trust or an apathy on the part of employees

23. Employee Stock Plans Stock Option Plan
A plan that gives employees the right to purchase a fixed number of shares of company stock at a specified price for a limited period of time.
If market price of the stock is above the specified option price, employees can purchase the stock and sell it for a profit.
If the market price of the stock is below the specified option price, the stock option is “underwater” and is worthless to employees.

24. Employee Stock Plans Methods of distributing stock to employees:
Employee Stock Ownership Plan (ESOP): the company facilitates employees owning stock in the company
Methods of distributing stock to employees:
As a bonus directly to employees
Example: for every 2 shares an employee buys, the company gives the employee 1 share
Example: employees can buy shares for 85% of the current stock market price
Into a trust
Company contributes shares of stock into the trust
Shares in the trust are allocated to individual employee accounts
Employees become vested over time
When an employee leaves the company (e.g., retirement), they receive the current market value of their vested shares in the trust

25. Employee Stock Ownership Plan (ESOP)
Advantages
Favorable tax treatment for ESOP earnings
Employees motivated by their ownership stake in the firm
Disadvantages
Retirement benefit is tied to the firm’s future performance
Risk for employees
Limited effect on productivity
Long-run financial difficulties

26. Conditions favoring corporate-wide plans
Firm size
Interdependence of different parts of the business
Market conditions
The presence of other incentives

27. Evaluation of Incentives
Attention getter?
Understandable?
Establishes culture through values?
Improves communication?
Pays when it should?
(achievements versus failures)
Improves individual performance?
Improves org. performance?