1. World History Chapter 24 The West Between the Wars 1919 - 1939

2. Section 1: The Futile Search for Stability
Objectives
Explain why peace and prosperity were short-lived after World War I
Describe how a global economic depression weakened the Western democracies after 1929

4. I. Uneasy Peace, Uncertain Security
New Boundaries & new states
Nations unhappy
Border disputes in Eastern Europe
Germans wanted to revise the terms of the Treaty of Versailles

6. A. A Weak League of Nations
Not very effective in maintaining peace
Problem: Failure of the U.S. to join the league
Automatically weakened the organization’s effectiveness

7. B. French Demands Desire for security Reparations
1921, German makes its first payment
Financial problems, unable to pay any more
France sends troops into the Ruhr Valley, Germany’s chief industrial and mining center

8. C. Inflation in Germany Germany prints more money
This only added to the inflation (rise in prices)
German mark soon became worthless
Workers used wheelbarrows to carry home their weekly pay

9. C. Inflation in Germany
1924, The Dawes Plan reduced German reparations & coordinated annual payments with its ability to pay
$200 million dollar loan to open the door to heavy American investment
Brief period of prosperity ( )

10. D. The Treaty of Locarno
1925, Treaty of Locarno guaranteed Germany’s new western borders with France & Belgium
New Era of European Peace
“France & Germany Ban War Forever”
“Peace at Last”
Germany joined the League of Nations

11. D. The Treaty of Locarno Treaty based on little real substance
Promises were worthless without enforcement
Nations did not reduce their military

12. II. The Great Depression
Economic collapse, known as the Great Depression
Depression, a period of low economic activity and rising unemployment

14. A. Causes of the Depression
1. Series of downturns in the economies of individual nations in the second half of the 1920’s
Ex. Prices for farm products, esp. wheat, were falling rapidly because of overproduction
2. international financial crises involving the U.S. stock market

15. A. Causes of the Depression
Oct. 1929, the U.S. stock market crashed, and the prices of stocks plunged
In a panic, U.S. investors withdrew even more money from Germany & other European markets
Industrial production was declining & unemployment was rising

16. B. Responses to the Depression
Britain 1 and 4 unemployed
6 million Germany’s or 40% of labor force were out of work
Governments did not know how to deal with the crisis
Cut costs by lowering wages & raising tariffs to exclude foreign goods from home markets
This made the economic crisis worse

17. During the Great Depression, many people had to resort to desperate measures

18. B. Responses to the Depression
Increased government activity in the economy
Goes against Laissez faire tradition
Renewed interest in Marxist doctrines
Communism became more popular
Led masses to follow political leaders who offered simple solutions

19. III. Democratic States after the War
Women were rewarded for their contributions to the war effort by granting them voting rights
Return to normalcy was difficult

20. A. Germany
Germany is no longer an empire or ruled by William II, now known as the Weimar Republic.
Many problems with the Republic including no strong political leaders and economic problems.
The Great Depression also affects Germany.
*Depression led to the fear and rise of extremist parties.

21. B. France Also affected by the depression, but not as bad until 1932.
This led to political chaos, six different cabinets in 19 months.
The Popular Front government is formed and they start the French New Deal.

22. B. France
The French New Deal gave workers the right to Collective bargaining, the right of unions to negotiate a 40-hour workweek, 2 week paid vacation, min. wage.
Popular Front’s policies fail and there is little confidence in the political system.

23. C. Great Britain
Many of the markets are lost to US and Japan leading to unemployment.
John Maynard Keynes believed that the gov’t should interfere in solving the depression, unlike the old theory (Laissez faire)
Wrote General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money.
He believed in Deficit spending, a belief that the gov’t should spend money to get out of a depression even if it means going into debt by putting people to work.

24. D. The United States
The US is hit the hardest by the depression, more than 12 million were unemployed in 1933.
President Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) knew the capitalist system had to be reformed.
His New Deal (or active gov’t intervention) increased public works that employed about 3 million people.
Bridges, roads, post offices, and airports are built because of the New Deal and its programs like the WPA.

25. FDR

27. D. The United States
Social Security for the elderly and the unemployed.
The New Deal prevents social chaos unlike the European nations, but does not fix the depression.
In 1938, more than 10 million people are still unemployed.
Not until War World II and the growth of weapons industry does the US get out of the Depression.

28. people standing in a line
They are out of work and have no money to buy food.
free food

29. Section 2: The Rise of Dictatorial Regimes
Objectives
Characterize the modern totalitarian state established by Mussolini
Report how Stalin, the leader of the Soviet Union, eliminated people who threatened his power

31. I. The Rise of Dictators
*Totalitarian state is a government that aims to control the political, economic, social, intellectual, and cultural lives of its citizens.
Power of the Central State
Wanted passive obedience
Conquer the minds & hearts of their subjects

32. I. The Rise of Dictators Mass propaganda & modern communication
Single leader & a single party
Rejected limited government power & individual freedoms
“collective will of the masses”
Determined by the leader
Active involvement of the massess

33. II. Fascism in Italy
Early 1920’s, *Benito Mussolini fascist ruler of Italy
*Fascism, glories the state above the individual by emphasizing the need for a strong central government led by a dictatorial ruler.
People are controlled by the government & any opposition is suppressed

34. Benito Mussolini

35. A. Rise of Fascism Economic problems Inflation
Industrial & agricultural workers strike
Fear of Communism & Socialism
Black-shirts, armed Fascists attacked socialist offices & newspapers
Used violence to break up strikes

36. A. Rise of Fascism
Industrialist & large landowners supported Mussolini’s Fascist movement
He demanded more land for Italy
Mussolini threatened to march on Rome, if not given more power
King makes Mussolini Prime Minister
Created new laws, suspended publications, increased police powers

37. A. Rise of Fascism
By 1926, the Fascists had outlawed all other political parties
Mussolini now known as “Il Duce” (eel DOO*chay), “The Leader”

39. B. The Fascist State
Created a secret police, OVRA to watch citizens, but not as savage as Hitler’s
Control over most media to spread propaganda
Used simple slogans in the media
“Mussolini is Always Right”
Youth groups were used to promote ideals

40. B. The Fascist State
Although the Fascists tried to make Italian citizens disciplined, and war-loving, they still kept their traditional values
Ex. Women were the pillars of the state, but as homemakers and mothers.
Mussolini never achieved the status that Hitler did with his Germany.
Ex. Victor Emmanuel still kept his kingship.

41. III. A New Era in the Soviet Union
Lenin followed a policy of war communism
Peasants began to sabotage the communist program
Drought caused a great famine between 1920 & 1922, 5 million lives were lost
Industrial output decreased to 1913 levels

42. A. Lenin’s New Economic Policy
Lenin abandoned war communism in favor of his *New Economic Policy (NEP), a modified version of the old capitalist system.
Peasants allowed to sell their produce, retail stores & small industries could be privately owned & operated
Heavy industry, banking & mines remained in the hands of the government

43. A. Lenin’s New Economic Policy
1922, a new Communist state called the *Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, USSR or Soviet Union was created.
NEP saved the Soviet Union from complete economic disaster, but threatened the goals of the communism

44. B. The Rise of Stalin Lenin dies in 1924, a struggle for power began
Leon Trotsky vs. Joseph Stalin
*Politburo, a committee that had become the leading policy-making body of the Communist Party
Stalin used his post as general secretary of the Politburo to gain complete control of the Communist Party

45. Joseph Stalin

46. B. The Rise of Stalin
By 1929, Stalin had eliminated from the Politburo the Bolsheviks of the revolutionary era and had established a dictatorship.
Trotsky was expelled in 1927
Murdered in 1940, probably on Stalin’s orders

47. C. Five-Year Plans
1928, *Five-Year Plans, set of economic goals emphasized maximum production of capital goods (heavy machines) & armaments
1928 to 1937 double & quadrupled production
Little provision for caring of labor force
Housing declined, pitiful living conditions, real wages declined, movement limited

48. C. Five-Year Plans
*Collectivization, private farmers were eliminated, government owned all of the land while the peasants worked it.
Strong resistance to plan, peasants hoarded crops & killed livestock
By 1934, 26 million farms had been collectivized

50. D. Costs of Stalin’s Programs
10 million died in the famines of 1932 & 1933
Those who resisted were sent into forced labor camps in Siberia
Purges or removals of the Old Bolsheviks
Put on trial and condemned to death

52. D. Costs of Stalin’s Programs
Purged army officers, diplomats, union officials, party members, intellectuals, and numerous ordinary citizens
8 million Russians were arrested
Millions sent to forced labor camps (Gulag) in Siberia, from which they never returned
Others were executed

54. 596
They did not have as much power as higher officials.
probably because records of the executions were not kept, and numbers could not be released while Stalin was alive

55. D. Costs of Stalin’s Programs
Equal rights for women
Divorce process easier
Women encouraged to work outside the home
Family values, hard work, duty, discipline to their children
Divorced fathers who did not support their children were heavily fined

56. IV. Authoritarian States in the West
Western world were not totalitarian but were authoritarian
Use of police powers
Create a new kind of mass society, but to preserve the existing social order

57. A. Eastern Europe New states of Eastern Europe
Austria, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Romania, Bulgaria, and Hungary
All adopted parliamentary systems, but soon replaced by authoritarian regimes

59. A. Eastern Europe
Why did the Parliamentary systems failed in E. Europe?
Not used to it, a rural & agrarian society, illiteracy, ethnic problems
Landowners, the church, some middle class turned to authoritarian gov’ts to keep the old system.
Czechoslovakia only one to maintain political democracy.

60. B. Spain
*Francisco Franco, led a revolt against the democratic gov’t in 1936 and the Spanish Civil War began.
Aided by Italy and German with arms, money, and men.
Hitler helped Franco so he could test his air force.

61. Francisco Franco

62. B. Spain
Spanish Republican party aided by the Soviet Union with trucks, volunteers, tanks, and military advisers.
Civil War came to an end with Franco capturing the city of Madrid in 1939 and set up a dictatorship.
Franco’s gov’t not a totalitarian, but an authoritarian because it still allowed traditional groups in people’s lives.