1. Early Edition: Report on Netted Radar Clock Distribution Measurements J.S. Sandenbergh PhD Student Radar Remote Sensing Group, UCT with the help of Prof. Inggs, Marc Brooker, Lance Williams, Regine Lord, Shaun Doughty and many others.

2. Slide 2 © CSIR 2006 www.csir.co.za Overview Netted Radar: Advantages & Challenges RRSG’s GPS Disciplined Oscillators Collaboration with UCL UCL’s Experimental Netted Radar Experiment Objective: Characterizing Clock Stability Experimental Setup Processing of Data Preliminary Results Conclusion

3. Slide 3 © CSIR 2006 www.csir.co.za Netted Radar: Advantages & Challenges Theoretical advantages over mono- static radar: Increased detection probability Better classification / identification Reduced vulnerability / delectability Larger illuminating area etc Netted radar requires an accurate knowledge of relative space and time amongst the nodes Phase and frequency synchronization across the network is required for full coherent operation [Hume & Baker, 2003]

4. Slide 4 © CSIR 2006 www.csir.co.za RRSG’s GPS Disciplined Oscillators

5. Slide 5 © CSIR 2006 www.csir.co.za RRSG’s GPS Disciplined Oscillators [ J. S. Sandenbergh, M. R. Inggs “A Common View GPSDO to Synchronize Netted Radar”, In Proceedings of the International Radar Conference, (2007).]

6. Slide 6 © CSIR 2006 www.csir.co.za Collaboration with UCL UCL developed an experimental netted radar 2.4GHz pulse radar consisting of 3 nodes [T. Derham, S. Doughty, K. Woodbridge, and C. J. Baker. “Realisation and evaluation of a low cost netted radar system”, In Proceedings of the CIE International Conference on Radar, pp 16–19, (2006).] Currently the clock is distributed using 50m long twisted pair cables This limits the possible geometrical configurations of the radar Reduces mobility Hinders quick deployment RRSG visited UCL during October/November 2007 Twisted pair cables were replaced with UCT’s GPSDOs Initial experiments were conducted to compare the performance of the different clocking schemes

7. Slide 7 © CSIR 2006 www.csir.co.za Collaboration with UCL A. Twisted Pair Clk Distribution B. GPSDO Clk Distribution

8. Slide 8 © CSIR 2006 www.csir.co.za UCL’s Experimental Netted Radar A. Three netted radar nodes B. Radar Front-end

9. Slide 9 © CSIR 2006 www.csir.co.za Objective of Experiment Allan Deviation is a measure of clock stability [Allan, D. ”Time and Frequency (Time-Domain) Characterization, Estimation, and Prediction of Precision Clocks and Oscillators” NIST Technical Note 1337, (1987)]

10. Slide 10 © CSIR 2006 www.csir.co.za Experimental Setup 1. Effect of Receiver 2. Effect of Transmitter3. Tx/Rx Feed through

11. Slide 11 © CSIR 2006 www.csir.co.za Experimental Setup A. GPSDO connected to a node B. Ready to go!

12. Slide 12 © CSIR 2006 www.csir.co.za Processing of Data

13. Slide 13 © CSIR 2006 www.csir.co.za Processing of Data Beat frequency Hilbert transform Extract phase Unwrap Average phase diff Pulse-to-pulse phase difference

14. Slide 14 © CSIR 2006 www.csir.co.za Preliminary Results : Twisted Pair

15. Slide 15 © CSIR 2006 www.csir.co.za Preliminary Results: GPSDO (free running)

16. Slide 16 © CSIR 2006 www.csir.co.za Preliminary Results: GPSDO (free running)

17. Slide 17 © CSIR 2006 www.csir.co.za The Team Pulse-to-pulse phase difference A. Arrival in the UK B. Setting up camp

18. Slide 18 © CSIR 2006 www.csir.co.za The Team Pulse-to-pulse phase difference A. Some smiles: we finally have lift-off B. The UCL Team

19. Slide 19 © CSIR 2006 www.csir.co.za Conclusion Measurement data were successfully recorded at UCL Rigorous analysis of data has not yet been done (only preliminary) Initial analysis of the data shows that the twisted pair cables give reliable long term frequency stability GPSDOs were running non-disciplined which resulted in significant frequency offsets Initial results indicate that crystals should be well aged to obtain sufficient stability Results will be compared to results obtained from the FERS simulator Valuable experience was gained during initial experiments Some interfacing problems were identified (some of which are already solved) Some work is required to get an autonomous ‘sync pulse’ system working Future planned measurements Actual field measurements are planned for the near future Aim of research Test the feasibility of a GPS synchronized quartz frequency standard as a viable solution to low-cost timing distribution in network based radar

20. Slide 20 © CSIR 2006 www.csir.co.za Thank you for your attention.

21. Slide 21 © CSIR 2006 www.csir.co.za GPS Time Transfer TechniqueTime*Frequency*Post-processing One-way<20ns<2.10 -13 None Common-view Single-Channel<10ns≈1.10 -13 Some Common-view Multi-Channel<5ns<5.10 -14 Some Carrier phase common-view<500ps<5.10 -15 Complex Achievable Performance for Different GPSTT Techniques [Lombardi, Nelson, Novick, Zhang] *relative to absolute time

22. Slide 22 © CSIR 2006 www.csir.co.za UCT’s GPSDO – Functional Diagram

23. Slide 23 © CSIR 2006 www.csir.co.za Timing Performance of a Low Cost GPS Receiver

24. Slide 24 © CSIR 2006 www.csir.co.za GPSDO Phase Noise Performance