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A guide for GCSE students KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING

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Presentation on theme: "A guide for GCSE students KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING"— Presentation transcript:

1 A guide for GCSE students KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING
CRUDE OIL A guide for GCSE students KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING

2 CRUDE OIL INTRODUCTION www.knockhardy.org.uk
This Powerpoint show is one of several produced to help students understand selected GCSE Chemistry topics. It is based on the requirements of the AQA specification but is suitable for other examination boards. Individual students may use the material at home for revision purposes and it can also prove useful for classroom teaching with an interactive white board. Accompanying notes on this, and the full range of AS and A2 Chemistry topics, are available from the KNOCKHARDY WEBSITE at... All diagrams, photographs and any animations in this Powerpoint are original and created by Jonathan Hopton. Permission must be obtained for their use in any work that is distributed for financial gain.

3 CRUDE OIL CONTENTS Origin of crude oil Fractional distillation Cracking For more detailed information on the properties of hydrocarbons such as alkanes and alkenes, see the appropriate Powerpoint on the Knockhardy GCSE site.

4 CRUDE OIL WHAT IS IT? CRUDE OIL IS A FOSSIL FUEL DERIVED FROM AN ANCIENT BIOMASS FOUND IN ROCKS

5 CRUDE OIL WHAT IS IT? CRUDE OIL IS A FOSSIL FUEL DERIVED FROM AN ANCIENT BIOMASS FOUND IN ROCKS IS A MIXTURE

6 CRUDE OIL WHAT IS IT? CRUDE OIL IS A FOSSIL FUEL DERIVED FROM AN ANCIENT BIOMASS FOUND IN ROCKS IS A MIXTURE A mixture consists of two or more elements or compounds not chemically combined together. Other examples AIR contains different gases SMARTIES contains different sweets

7 The chemical properties of each substance in the mixture are unchanged
CRUDE OIL WHAT IS IT? CRUDE OIL IS A FOSSIL FUEL DERIVED FROM AN ANCIENT BIOMASS FOUND IN ROCKS IS A MIXTURE A mixture consists of two or more elements or compounds not chemically combined together. The chemical properties of each substance in the mixture are unchanged The oxygen in air behaves as oxygen The orange Smarties® in SMARTIES® taste of orange

8 CRUDE OIL WHAT IS IT? CRUDE OIL IS A FOSSIL FUEL DERIVED FROM AN ANCIENT BIOMASS FOUND IN ROCKS IS A MIXTURE A mixture consists of two or more elements or compounds not chemically combined together. The chemical properties of each substance in the mixture are unchanged. It is possible to separate the substances in a mixture by physical methods including filtration, chromatography, distillation and, for crude oil, fractional distillation.

9 CRUDE OIL WHAT IS IT? CRUDE OIL IS A FOSSIL FUEL DERIVED FROM AN ANCIENT BIOMASS FOUND IN ROCKS IS A MIXTURE CONTAINS A VERY LARGE NUMBER OF COMPOUNDS

10 CRUDE OIL WHAT IS IT? CRUDE OIL IS A FOSSIL FUEL DERIVED FROM AN ANCIENT BIOMASS FOUND IN ROCKS IS A MIXTURE CONTAINS A VERY LARGE NUMBER OF COMPOUNDS CONTAINS MAINLY HYDROCARBONS (compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen)

11 CRUDE OIL WHAT IS IT? CRUDE OIL IS A FOSSIL FUEL DERIVED FROM AN ANCIENT BIOMASS FOUND IN ROCKS IS A MIXTURE CONTAINS A VERY LARGE NUMBER OF COMPOUNDS CONTAINS MAINLY HYDROCARBONS ALSO CONTAINS SULPHUR + SULPHUR COMPOUNDS IS A DARK COLOURED VISCOUS LIQUID

12 CRUDE OIL WHAT IS IT? CRUDE OIL IS A FOSSIL FUEL DERIVED FROM AN ANCIENT BIOMASS FOUND IN ROCKS IS A MIXTURE CONTAINS A VERY LARGE NUMBER OF COMPOUNDS CONTAINS MAINLY HYDROCARBONS ALSO CONTAINS SULPHUR + SULPHUR COMPOUNDS IS A DARK COLOURED VISCOUS LIQUID

13 CRUDE OIL WHAT IS IT? CRUDE OIL IS A FOSSIL FUEL DERIVED FROM AN ANCIENT BIOMASS FOUND IN ROCKS IS A MIXTURE CONTAINS A VERY LARGE NUMBER OF COMPOUNDS CONTAINS MAINLY HYDROCARBONS ALSO CONTAINS SULPHUR + SULPHUR COMPOUNDS IS A DARK COLOURED VISCOUS LIQUID

14 CRUDE OIL HOW WAS IT FORMED?
FROM ORGANISMS WHICH LIVED MILLIONS OF YEARS AGO THEIR REMAINS WERE COVERED BY LAYERS OF SEDIMENTARY ROCK HEAT AND PRESSURE IN THE ABSENCE OF AIR CONVERTED THE REMAINS INTO FOSSIL FUELS GAS AND OIL ARE TRAPPED UNDERGROUND - THEY CAN’T GET THROUGH THE NON-POROUS LAYERS DRILLING PIPE NON-POROUS ROCKS GAS OIL POROUS ROCK

15 CRUDE OIL HOW IS IT PROCESSED? CRUDE OIL CAN BE SPLIT INTO FRACTIONS
FRACTIONS - GROUPS OF COMPOUNDS WITH SIMILAR BOILING POINTS THE PROCESS IS CALLED FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION

16 FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION

17 FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION THE DISTILLATION TOWER
WHAT HAPPENS? THE DISTILLATION TOWER

18 FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION
WHAT HAPPENS? CRUDE OIL IS FED INTO THE TOWER CRUDE OIL

19 FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION
WHAT HAPPENS? THE CRUDE OIL IS HEATED UNTIL IT ALL TURNS TO GAS CRUDE OIL FURNACE

20 FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION
WHAT HAPPENS? THE HOT GASES ENTER AT THE BOTTOM OF THE TOWER CRUDE OIL FURNACE

21 FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION
WHAT HAPPENS? THE HOT VAPOURS (GASES) PASS UP THE TOWER CRUDE OIL FURNACE

22 FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION
WHAT HAPPENS? THE HOT VAPOURS (GASES) PASS UP THE TOWER. AS THE TRAVEL UP, THEY COOL DOWN. CRUDE OIL FURNACE

23 FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION
WHAT HAPPENS? THE BITUMEN FRACTION CONTAINS THE LARGEST MOLECULES AND THEY HAVE THE HIGHEST BOILING POINTS – THEY TURN BACK TO LIQUID FIRST CRUDE OIL BITUMEN FURNACE

24 FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION
WHAT HAPPENS? MOLECULES IN THE LUBRICATING OIL FRACTION ARE NOT AS LARGE AS THOSE IN THE BITUMEN FRACTION SO CONDENSE FURTHER UP THE TOWER LUBRICATING OIL CRUDE OIL BITUMEN FURNACE

25 FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION
WHAT HAPPENS? AS THE REMAINING VAPOUR COOLS FURTHER FRACTIONS ARE COLLECTED THE LOWER THEIR BOILING POINT, THE FURTHER UP THE COMPOUNDS GO DIESEL LUBRICATING OIL CRUDE OIL BITUMEN FURNACE

26 FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION
WHAT HAPPENS? AS THE REMAINING VAPOUR COOLS FURTHER FRACTIONS ARE COLLECTED THE LOWER THEIR BOILING POINT, THE FURTHER UP THE COMPOUNDS GO PARAFFIN DIESEL LUBRICATING OIL CRUDE OIL BITUMEN FURNACE

27 FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION
WHAT HAPPENS? AS THE REMAINING VAPOUR COOLS FURTHER FRACTIONS ARE COLLECTED THE LOWER THEIR BOILING POINT, THE FURTHER UP THE COMPOUNDS GO PETROL PARAFFIN DIESEL LUBRICATING OIL CRUDE OIL BITUMEN FURNACE

28 FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION
WHAT HAPPENS? PETROLEUM GAS COMPOUNDS IN THE LIQUID PETROLEUM GAS (LPG) FRACTION HAVE VERY LOW BOILING POINTS AND DON’T TURN BACK TO THE LIQUID STATE PETROL PARAFFIN DIESEL LUBRICATING OIL CRUDE OIL BITUMEN FURNACE

29 FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION
WHAT HAPPENS? PETROLEUM GAS PETROL PARAFFIN DIESEL LUBRICATING OIL CRUDE OIL BITUMEN FURNACE

30 FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION
ANIMATION

31 FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION
HOW DO THE FRACTIONS DIFFER? PETROLEUM GAS PETROL PARAFFIN MOLECULES HAVE FEWER CARBON ATOMS DIESEL LUBRICATING OIL BITUMEN

32 FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION HOW DO THE FRACTIONS DIFFER?
PETROLEUM GAS PETROL PARAFFIN MOLECULES ARE SMALLER DIESEL LUBRICATING OIL BITUMEN

33 FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION
HOW DO THE FRACTIONS DIFFER? PETROLEUM GAS PETROL PARAFFIN MOLECULES HAVE LOWER BOILING POINTS DIESEL LUBRICATING OIL BITUMEN

34 FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION
HOW DO THE FRACTIONS DIFFER? PETROLEUM GAS PETROL PARAFFIN MOLECULES ARE MORE VOLATILE DIESEL LUBRICATING OIL BITUMEN VOLATILE = Having a low boiling point

35 FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION
HOW DO THE FRACTIONS DIFFER? PETROLEUM GAS PETROL PARAFFIN MOLECULES ARE LESS VISCOUS DIESEL LUBRICATING OIL BITUMEN VISCOUS = not very runny (a bit like syrup)

36 FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION
HOW DO THE FRACTIONS DIFFER? PETROLEUM GAS PETROL PARAFFIN MOLECULES IGNITE MORE EASILY DIESEL LUBRICATING OIL BITUMEN

37 FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION
HOW DO THE FRACTIONS DIFFER? PETROLEUM GAS PETROL PARAFFIN MOLECULES REQUIRE LESS OXYGEN TO BURN PROPERLY DIESEL LUBRICATING OIL BITUMEN The more carbon atoms there are the more oxygen you need

38 FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION
Boiling C’s per Name of Use(s) range / °C molecule fraction < LPG Calor / Camping Gas GASOLINE Petrol NAPHTHA Petrochemicals KEROSINE Aviation GAS OIL Central Heating > LUBRICATING OIL Lubrication Oil > FUEL OIL Power Stations, ships > WAX, GREASE Candles, grease > > 50 BITUMEN Road surfaces, Roofs

39 FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION WHAT HAPPENS TO THE FRACTIONS?
FRACTIONS ARE STILL MIXTURES DIFFERENT FRACTIONS ARE PUT TO DIFFERENT USES FRACTIONS CAN BE DISTILLED FURTHER SOME FRACTIONS ARE MORE VALUABLE THAN OTHERS THE HEAVIER FRACTIONS ARE LESS VALUABLE

40 FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION WHAT HAPPENS TO THE FRACTIONS?
FRACTIONS ARE STILL MIXTURES DIFFERENT FRACTIONS ARE PUT TO DIFFERENT USES FRACTIONS CAN BE DISTILLED FURTHER SOME FRACTIONS ARE MORE VALUABLE THAN OTHERS THE HEAVIER FRACTIONS ARE LESS VALUABLE LARGER MOLECULES CAN BE BROKEN DOWN TO SMALLER ONES - THIS IS KNOWN AS CRACKING

41 CRACKING

42 CRACKING WHY IS IT DONE? LARGER HYDROCARBON MOLECULES ARE LESS USEFUL
THEY CAN BE BROKEN DOWN INTO SMALLER MOLECULES SMALLER MOLECULES ARE MORE USEFUL

43 CRACKING WHAT HAPPENS? LARGE HYDROCARBONS ARE VAPORISED (TURNED INTO GAS) HEAT LIQUID

44 CRACKING WHAT HAPPENS? LARGE HYDROCARBONS ARE VAPORISED (TURNED INTO GAS) HEAT LIQUID VAPOUR

45 CRACKING WHAT HAPPENS? LARGE HYDROCARBONS ARE VAPORISED (TURNED INTO GAS) THE VAPOURS ARE PASSED OVER A HOT CATALYST HEAT CATALYST LIQUID VAPOUR

46 CRACKING WHAT HAPPENS? LARGE HYDROCARBONS ARE VAPORISED (TURNED INTO GAS) THE VAPOURS ARE PASSED OVER A HOT CATALYST BONDS ARE BROKEN AND SMALLER MOLECULES ARE MADE HEAT CATALYST LIQUID VAPOUR SMALLER MOLECULES

47 CRACKING WHAT HAPPENS? LARGE HYDROCARBONS ARE VAPORISED (TURNED INTO GAS) THE VAPOURS ARE PASSED OVER A HOT CATALYST BONDS ARE BROKEN AND SMALLER MOLECULES ARE MADE HEAT CATALYST LIQUID VAPOUR SMALLER MOLECULES THERMAL DECOMPOSITION (BREAKING UP BY HEATING) TAKES PLACE CATALYSTS HELP SPEED UP REACTIONS

48 CRACKING WHAT HAPPENS? MANY DIFFERENT HYDROCARBONS ARE PRODUCED BECAUSE THE MOLECULES CAN BREAK DOWN IN DIFFERENT WAYS

49 CRACKING WHAT HAPPENS? MANY DIFFERENT HYDROCARBONS ARE PRODUCED BECAUSE THE MOLECULES CAN BREAK DOWN IN DIFFERENT WAYS

50 CRACKING WHAT HAPPENS? MANY DIFFERENT HYDROCARBONS ARE PRODUCED BECAUSE THE MOLECULES CAN BREAK DOWN IN DIFFERENT WAYS

51 HYDROCARBONS WITH SINGLE C-C BONDS ARE CALLED ALKANES
CRACKING WHAT HAPPENS? MANY DIFFERENT HYDROCARBONS ARE PRODUCED BECAUSE THE MOLECULES CAN BREAK DOWN IN DIFFERENT WAYS ALKANE ALKANE HYDROCARBONS WITH SINGLE C-C BONDS ARE CALLED ALKANES

52 HYDROCARBONS WITH A DOUBLE C=C BOND ARE CALLED ALKENES
CRACKING WHAT HAPPENS? MANY DIFFERENT HYDROCARBONS ARE PRODUCED BECAUSE THE MOLECULES CAN BREAK DOWN IN DIFFERENT WAYS ALKENE ALKENE HYDROCARBONS WITH A DOUBLE C=C BOND ARE CALLED ALKENES

53 CRACKING WHAT HAPPENS? MANY DIFFERENT HYDROCARBONS ARE PRODUCED BECAUSE THE MOLECULES CAN BREAK DOWN IN DIFFERENT WAYS ALKANE ALKENE ALKANE ALKENE HYDROCARBONS WITH SINGLE C-C BONDS ARE CALLED ALKANES HYDROCARBONS WITH A DOUBLE C=C BOND ARE CALLED ALKENES

54 ©2011 JONATHAN HOPTON & KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING
CRUDEOIL THE END ©2011 JONATHAN HOPTON & KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING


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