1. Morphology of flowering plants
Part 3
Safe hands

2. Corolla Polypetalous- (free)
Cruciform – 4 petals diagonally arranged- eg. Brassica
Caryophyllaceous – 5 or more with long claws- Dianthus
Rosaceous – Petals with short claws- Rosa
Pailionaceious – Vexillum- pea, bean, gram
Gamopetalous – (Fused)
Campanulate- Bell shaped eg. Cucurbita, clerodendron.
Hypocrateriform – with sort corolla tube- Nyctanthes.
Infundibulum- (Funnel shaped)- Petunia
Urceolate- Bryophyllum.
Tubular- Sunflower.
Rotate- Actinomorphic with wheel shaped corolla- Solanum
Ligulatge- Zygomorphic , -tongue like strap – Ray florates.
Spurred- Like in Delphinium.
Bilabiate- Zygo. With two lips- Salvia.
Gibboous- Pouch like outgrowth at base – Antirrhinum
Personate- Zygo –with two lipped corolla- closed lipped. Antirrhium
SAFE HANDS

3. Aestivation Valvate without overlapping Twisted/ contorted
5 or more with long claws- Dianthus c c c c c c
SAFE HANDS

4. Imbricate Quincuntial One out one in other overlapped
two out two in other overlapped c c c c c c c c c c
SAFE HANDS

5. Vexillary
Descending imbricate c c c
Keel
SAFE HANDS

6. Vexillary
Ascending imbricate c c c
SAFE HANDS

7. Androecium Parts of androecium Numbers – Monandrous – ginger
Diandrous- adhatoda
Triandrous- wheat
Tetrandrous – Ocimum
Pentandrous- Datura
Hexandrous- Paddy
Polyandrous- rose.
Cohesion of stamens- Adalphy
Monadelphous – Hibiscus
Diadelphous – Two staminal tube- Pea
Polyadulphous – Many bundles – Citrus.
Syngenesious- Anthers fused but filaments free- Sunnflower
Synandrous– Anthers & filaments are fused - Cucurbitaceae.
SAFE HANDS

8. Attachment of filament of anthers
Adhesion of stamens- Adalphy
Epiesepalous – Quisqualis indica
Epipetalous – Solanum, Vinca
Epiphyllous – Liliaceae
Gynandrous – Stamen fused with carpel-
gynstegium – through out fusion -Calatropis
gynostemium- fused only at apex - Orchid
Attachment of filament of anthers
Basifixed – Datura.
Dorsifixed – Passiflora
Adnate- Nelumbo
Versetile– Jowar.
Types of connective
Discrete – connective is narrow – Adhatoda
Divaricate – Broad connective - Tilia
Distractile- connective right angle to stalk – Salvia
SAFE HANDS

9. Didynamous – 2 pair- 1pair is long other short- Ociumum
Length of the stamens
Didynamous – 2 pair- 1pair is long other short- Ociumum
Tetradynamous – 2 whorl of stamens-
2 in in outer whorl and 4 in inner whorl
Polyadulphous – Many bundles – Citrus.
Heteroanthy / heterostemony-
different type on same flower
Inserted stamen– Do not beyond the petals
Exerted stamen – beyond the petals
SAFE HANDS

10. Arrangement of the stamens
Haplostamonous – One whorl & alternate with petals- Solanum
Diplostemonous – two whorls outer stamens
alternate with petal- cassia
Obdiplostemonous – two whorls – outer stamens
are opposite to petals - citrus. Alterniptalous- - petunia
Antipetalus- oppsite to petals- corrinader
Alterniphyllous – alternate to sepals
Antiphyllous – Opposite to sepals
Polystemonous- More than two whorls, - Delphinium.
Shape of anther-
Reniform- Kidney shaped – Hibiscus
Sagittate- arrow shaped - apocyanaceae
Sinouous- lobed in S shaped- cucurbitaceae.
SAFE HANDS

11. Haplostamonous – One whorl & alternate with petals- Solanum
SAFE HANDS

12. Diplostemonous – two whorls outer stamens alternate with petal- cassia
SAFE HANDS

13. Monothecous – one celled – 2 microsporangia.
Types of anther.
Monothecous – one celled – 2 microsporangia.
Dithecous – two celled – 4 microsporangia
Structure of anther.
Microcporogenesis.
Pollen grain
Dehiscence of anther-
Longitudinal
Transverse
Valvular
Porous
Irregular
Extrose
Introse
SAFE HANDS

14. Gynoecium Parts Position of ovary-
Types of ovary on the basis of number of carpel-
Monocarpellary- Pea.
Bicarpellary- Vinca.
Tricarpellary – Onion.
Tetracarpellary- Clarkia
Petacarpellary- Hibiscus.
Multicarpellary- Michelia.
SAFE HANDS

15. Types of ovary on the basis of number of locules- Unilocular- Tridex.
Bilocular- Solanum.
Trilocular – Allium.
Tetralocular- Gossypium
Petalocular- Hibiscus.
Multilocular- Abutilon.
Placentation-
Marginal- along the ventral suture- Fabaceae
Basal- on the floor- Helianthus.
Axile – on the axis but partitioned- Hibiscus
Free central- along the axis not partitioned- Dianthus
Parietal- on inner side of ovary wall- Cucurbita.
Style & stigma.
SAFE HANDS

16. FRUIT Simple fruit Aggregate fruit Composite fruit
Development of fruit-
Development of fruit wall-
TYPES OF FRUITS
Simple fruit
Aggregate fruit
Composite fruit
SAFE HANDS

17. Simple fruit Dry fruits Succulent / Fleshy fruit Indehiscent Dehiscent
Schizocarpic
SAFE HANDS

18. 1. Indehiscent Dry fruits
Achene – One seeded, From monocarpellary ovary
Seed coat is NOT fused with pericarp.
Rosa, Mirabilis.
Caryopsis – One seeded, From monocarpellary ovary
Seed coat is fused with pericarp.
Maize, Wheat.
Cypsela – One seeded, bicarpellary, Unilocular, inferior
ovary Seed coat is free from pericarp. Calyx hair like pappus
Helianthus
Samara– Similar to achene, Pericarp extend into wing Acer, Hiptage.
Nut – Woody pericarp, One seeded, superior ovary Anacardium(Cashew nut), Chestnut. litchi
SAFE HANDS

19. Indehiscent dry fruits
SAFE HANDS

20. SAFE HANDS

21. 2. Dehiscent dry fruit
Follicle – Monocarpellary open along ventral suture
Delphinium
Pod/ Legume – Superior Monocarpellary open
along ventral and dorsal suture
Pea.
SAFE HANDS

22. 2. Dehiscent dry fruit
Siliqua – Superior, Bicarpellary, Superior, Syncarpous, Unilocular ovary with parietal placenta. Suture. Two carpel with false (Replum) septum
Mustered
Silcula – few seeded short broad & flat siliqua.
capsella
SAFE HANDS

23. SAFE HANDS

24. 2. Dehiscent dry fruit
Capsule – From Superior, Multicarpellary, Syncarpous
ovary with parietal
Types of capsule
on the basis of manner of dehiscence
Capsule opening by lid Anagallis
Capsule opening by pores - Papaver
Loculocidal capsule – Split along dorsal sutures – separated in to valve with seed attached to it Gossipium
Septicidal capsule– Split along edges and form valves Viola
Septifrigal capsule– Split along edges and dorsal sutures, produce many valves leaving septum in middle with seed Datura.
SAFE HANDS

25. 2. Dehiscent dry fruit
SAFE HANDS

26. 3. Schizocarpic dry fruit
Closed fruit, More than one carpel, syncarpous ovary, when ripe divides in to Mericarp
Lomentum - From monocarpellary, Unilocular superior ovary. Constricted pod Acacia, Mimosa.
Carcerulus - From Bicarpellary, tetralocular superior ovary. Split into 4/more indehiscent parts- Ocimum, Salvia
Regma- From tricarpellary,Syncarpous, axile placentation. Form 3 one seeded cocci – Euphorbia, Ricinus
Cremocarp- From inferior , bicarpellary,Syncarpous, Bilocular. Form 2 mericarp cocci – Coriander
Double samara- At maturity split in to 2 samara , Acer, Moringa
SAFE HANDS

27. SAFE HANDS

28. Succulent / Fleshy/ Baccate fruit
Fleshy, Indehiscent , Pericarp modified in to epi, meso and endocarp
(a) Drupe – Hard endocarp, epicarp thin, mesocarp- Juicy
Apricot, Coconut.
(b) Berry – Many seeded, Epicarp- thin, Meso- fleshy endocarp may not be distinguishable from mesocarp
Tomato, cucumber , orange
(c) Pome – from inferior ovary, Multicarpellary, syncarpous, multilocular, axile placentation True fruit in false fruit, Epi & mesocarp with thalamus, endocarp thin cartilaginous.
Apple (Pyrus), Pear.
SAFE HANDS

29. Succulent / Fleshy/ Baccate fruit
(d) Pepo – from inferior ovary, Multicarpelllary, syncarpous , Unilocular ovary with parietal placentation. Fleshy thalamus
Cucurbitaceae
(e) Heperidium – From multiclocular superior ovary, Epi- thick attached to mesocarp. endocarp is membraneous, seperable, with juicy hair
Lemon, Orange.
(f) Amphisarca – from polycarpellary syncarpous, multilocular superior
ovary. Hard epicarp, mucous around seed.
elephant apple( Feronia), wood apple (aegle)
(g) Balausta – Leathery exocarp, endorp membranous, seeds with juicy
testa , persistent calyx.
Pomegranate (Punica)
SAFE HANDS

30. SAFE HANDS

31. SAFE HANDS

32. Aggregate fruit
From Multicarpellary, apocarpous gynoecium, form fruitlets - etario
(1) Etaerio of follicle – Each free carpel form fruitlets
Michelia, Magnolia, Champaca, Calotropis, Aconitum
(2) Etaerio of achenes – Narvelia, clematis, rose strawberry,lotus
(3) Etaerio of drupes – Ruspberry.
(4) Etaerio of berries– Annona (custard apple), Artobotrys.
(5) Etaerio of samara– Liriodendron.
(6) Etaerio of Nuts– Nelumbo.
SAFE HANDS

33. From fusion of inflorescence.
Composite / multiple fruits
From fusion of inflorescence.
Sorosis – Catkin / spadix/ spikelet. Flower fused by succulent sepals
Mulberry (catkin),
Ananas (spadix),
Jackfruit (spikelet)
(ii) Syconus – Hypanthodium inflorescence form fruit.
Fig, Morus
Dorstenia (Coenanthium inflorescence)
SAFE HANDS

34. Aggregate fruits
SAFE HANDS

35. Composite fruits
SAFE HANDS