1. The Fruits
The frut is the devoloped , fertilized, mature ovary or ovaries of a single flower.
Function: to protect and nourish the seed during development.

2. A-Superior Fruits:
e.g Linseed, Solanaceae, Mustard.
B-Inferior fruits:
Cardamom, Umbelliferae

3. Inferior fruits
Superior fruits

4. The Fruit is Classified into
True False
The Gynoecium only The Gynoecium +
other floral parts

5. True Fruits Simple Aggregate Composite (compound)
Derived from apocarpous ovary
(separate carpels)
e.g Star anise
Formed from the whole inflorescence
e.g Mullberry
شجرة التوت
Derived from single ovary of one or more united carpels
e.g Fennel

6. The Fruits

7. True False The Fruits True False The Fruits The Fruits Simple Simple
Succulent
Aggregate
Composite
Simple
Dry
Achenes
Follicles
The Fruits
True
False
Succulent
Aggregate
Composite
Simple
Dry
Achenes
Follicles
The Fruits
The Fruits

8. Succulent (fleshy pericarp)
Drupe, the endocarp
is hard and woody
Berry, the endocarp
neither hard
nor lignified

9. Teeth

10. Dry (with a dry or leathery pericarp)
Dehiscent: split open when ripe to release the seeds
Indehiscent: don’t split open when ripe (one seeded)
Schizocarpic:
- bi- or multilocular fruit,
- split up into one seed
indehiscent parts
(mericarps)

11. Dehiscent Fruits
1-Follicle: the splitting along one side only e.g. star anise, strophanthus
2- Siliqua: the splitting by
2 valves to apex e.g
mustard seed

12. 3- Legume
The splitting along the two sides

13. 4- Capsule: dehisces by various ways.

14. Capsule As 1/or 2 but seeds remain attached to central axis
Split along middle septa
Split along the middle septa
Split along the middle line of each locule
Split open into locules

15. Partial longitudinal splitting forming teeth
Split by pores
Capsule whose upper
part falls off
when the seeds
are released-

16. don’t split open when ripe (usually one-seeded)
Monocarpillary derived from superior ovary, pericarp is memberaneous-not fused with the testa e.g strawberry (aggregates of achene) a b c d

17. Caryopsis
From inferior ovary

18. Cypsella

19. Indehiscent cont.))
Sycamore
شجرة الجميز
البندق

20. 3rd type of dry fruit

21. e.g Labiatae
On ripening, it splits into numerous one-seeded achene-like mericarps

22. e.g Castor الخروع سكر القيقب
Composed of 2 or more indehiscent winged parts split from each other
Polycarpellary multilocular ovary
e.g Castor
الخروع
سكر القيقب

23. 2nd type of true fruit

24. Aggregate Fruits Achenes: grouped on swollen or dry receptacle
Follicles:
A Follicle is a dry dehiscent fruit
which splits
on one side only.
It may contain one or many seeds.

25. 3-Composite fruit Syconus
Strobile , derived from scaly inflorescence e,g Hops
A collective fleshy fruit, in which the ovaries are hidden within a hollow receptacle, as in the fig.

26. Fig

27. Long pepper Serosis (soross):
derived from a spike (inflorescence) with a fleshy axis and perianthes of the single fruits fused together.
e.g Mullberry
long pepper
3-Composite fruit (cont.)
Long pepper

28. Histology of the fruit
As the ovary matures, its wall develops to form the pericarp, which is divided into three layers. The outermost, the exocarp, is usually a single epidermal layer. The extent of the middle layer, the mesocarp,

29. The inner layer, the endocarp, varies widely, but in any single type of fruit one of the layers may be thick, the others thin.
These layers are generally more conspicuous in fleshy fruits than in dry ones.

30. Terminology of the fruit
Carpophore: Floral axis
extension between
adjacent carpels,
as in the Apiacea.
Epicarp or Exocar: Outermost layer of pericarp
Mesocarp: Middle layer of pericarp.

31. Endocarp: Innermost differentiated layer of pericarp.
Pericarp: Fruit wall.
Placenta: Region of attachment of seeds on inner fruit wall.

32. Three-layer structure
Ex.
Three-layer structure
shared by all fruits.
The fruit skin
is the outermost
layer, called the
exocarp.
It protects
two inner layers: the mesocarp, and the pit, or endocarp. Together, these three layers comprise the pericarp, the thickened wall of fruit that encases and protects the seed.

33. (Innermost of mesocarp)
Oil drops
Caox