1. BY C KOHN, WATERFORD WI Choosing the Better Fuel: Life Cycle Assessment

2. Saltwater Power? Watch: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JiKa4nOkHLw& feature=player_detailpage http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JiKa4nOkHLw& feature=player_detailpage So, are we good? Do we even need petroleum, biofuels, or other sources of energy? Why hasn’t this changed our lives already?

3. What Powers Saltwater Power? Watch again: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JiKa4nOkHLw& feature=player_detailpage http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JiKa4nOkHLw& feature=player_detailpage This time, ask yourself the following: What powers the “Radio Frequency Generator” that cause the saltwater to burn? Are the energy gains from this ‘fuel’ greater than the energy losses? What makes a good fuel, and is this a ‘good fuel’?

4. Saltwater Bust Clearly the energy to create the “Radio Frequency Generator” must be a lot, given the size, noise, and intensity of the machines used. It might be safe to say that if the energy needed to power the machine comes from fossil fuels, this may not be such a great method for creating energy. Case in Point: wouldn’t it be more energy-efficient just to put the fluorescent bulb into a standard light fixture rather than power it with the big honking machine?

5. Life Cycle Assessment For a fuel to be a “good” fuel, it should produce more energy than it consumes.  In other words, the energy needed to make a fuel should be less than the energy produced by the fuel.  Reminder – we don’t “create” energy – we only change it into a different form. Energy is not the only concern – we must also consider the following:  Is it sustainable – i.e. can we continue to use it year after year without harming our society, planet, or bodies?  Is it economical – can we make money producing it, or will it ultimately harm our economy?  Is it practical – can we use it without completely changing the way our society functions?

6. Life Cycle Assessment Life Cycle Assessment is the process in which we examine and measure all the inputs and outputs of a process.  Input – what we lose in making a product  Output – what we gain in making a product Life Cycle Assessment is simply a way to measure the value or harm caused by using a product For example, if you spent $10 to buy supplies for your lemonade stand but only made $5 selling your lemonade, a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) would indicate that this was probably poor choice.  Inputs in exceeded Outputs gained  i.e. Total Cost exceeded Total Benefit

7. Life Cycle Assessment LCAs can be used for just about any product. For example, you could perform an LCA on a DVD

8. LCA in a Nutshell

10. LCA Exercise Briefly, perform an LCA Exercise to determine which is better – bottled water, or tap water? For each option, list the following:  What material inputs are necessary for each to be consumed?  What transportation inputs are necessary?  What energy or electricity inputs are necessary?  What are the hazardous outputs of each?  What are the nonhazardous outputs of each?  Which is better? How do you know?

11. LCA of Tap vs. Bottled Water Inputs – Tapwater  Freshwater  Pipes (materials, energy to manufacture, pollution from extraction).  Pumps (energy)  Filtration & treatment (energy)  Dirty glass (energy to wash) Inputs – Bottled Water  Freshwater  Filtration & treatment (energy)  Petroleum for plastic in bottle  Energy to produce bottle  Pumps (energy)  Transportation (energy)

12. LCA of Tap vs. Bottled Water Outputs – Tapwater  Greenhouse gases from energy used to filter, pump, and move water  Possible pollution from detergents used to wash drinking glass  Water Outputs – Bottled Water  Greenhouse gases from energy used to filter, pump, move, transport, and refrigerate water  Greenhouse gases from production of bottle  Greenhouse gases from movement of petroleum needed for the bottle  Landfill waste from 4/5 s of bottles that are not recycled  Pollution from dyes, treatments, and packaging used to produce, sell, and market bottled water.  Water

14. LCA Exercise II Perform the same analysis for Ethanol and Gasoline

16. LCA –Ethanol (energy) Figure 1—Life Cycle Assessment of Energy for Ethanol Production and Consumption. (GLBRC.org)

17. LCA – Ethanol (carbon)

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