1. 10.3+10.4 CURVED MIRRORS-Concave and Convex

2. Ever seen yourself in a funhouse mirror?

3. Funhouse mirrors are curved mirrors
The funny images you see created in funhouse mirrors are caused by the special way that light rays reflect off of curved surfaces
While the reflected light ray still follows the Law of Reflection, the reflection is not as straight forward as a flat surface!
This creates unique images as seen in funhouse mirrors
Funhouse mirrors are curved mirrors

4. Mirrors that curve inwards are known as CONCAVE mirrors – if you look into the front of a spoon, you are looking at a concave mirror
Concave mirrors

5. There are two types of curved mirrors
Curved mirrors can come in two types
Basically, they can either curve inwards or outwards, and are best represented by the opposite sides of a spoon
There are two types of curved mirrors

6. Concave mirrors In a concave mirror, the mirror curves inwards
This is what you see if you look into the bowl of a spoon
It is like looking into the mouth of a cave, hence the word CONCAVE
Concave mirrors

7. Concave mirrors are converging mirrors
Concave mirrors cause light rays to converge or focus on one point in front of the mirror
Therefore, they are also known as CONVERGING mirrors
Concave mirrors are converging mirrors

8. Convex mirrors In a convex mirror, the mirror curves outwards
This is what you would see if you looked into the back of a spoon
Convex mirrors

9. Convex mirrors are also diverging mirrors
Convex mirrors also cause light rays to diverge or to spread out
Therefore, they are also known as diverging mirrors
Convex mirrors are also diverging mirrors

10. Concave and convex mirrors in a spoon

11. We have looked at how plane or flat mirrors create images
But what would happen if we were to warp or curve the surface of a mirror?
On curved surfaces, the law of reflection still applies
Because the surface of the mirror changes, we have to zoom in on the very small piece of the mirror that the incident light ray hits
Curved mirror images

12. Another way to look at a curve
What do you notice about these shapes?
Another way to look at a curve

13. Curved surfaces are made up of small flat surfaces
Any curve can be broken up into smaller and smaller straight lines
As you can see from the progression of polygons in the previous slides, the more sides there are to a polygon, the closer and closer it gets to becoming a circle
That means a curved surface can be seen as being made up of many, many small flat surfaces
Curved surfaces are made up of small flat surfaces

14. Law of Reflection still rules
That means that when we try to analyze how a curved mirror converges or diverges light rays, we have to understand how a small flat surface applies to a large curved one
Law of Reflection still rules

16. Ray diagrams are designed to help us predict the type of image formed by a curved mirror
These diagrams are designed to simplify how we see light rays
We track the light rays coming from only ONE POINT of an object
And we only track a maximum of 3 light rays
Ray diagrams

17. REAL FOCAL POINT
VIRTUAL FOCAL POINT
VERTEX
VIRTUAL CENTRE OF CURVATURE
OBJECT C F F’ C’
PRINCIPLE AXIS
REAL CENTER OF CURVATURE
Note: f = C/2 :distance of F from the mirror is always half the distance of C from the mirror

18. Focal point: where the light rays converge if they were to
Vertex: the center of the curved mirror that is a perfectly flat surface
Center of curvature: since a curved mirror is really a part of a big sphere, the center of curvature is the radius of that imaginary sphere that the mirror is cut out from
Focal length (f): the distance from the focal point to the vertex of the mirror
Radius of curvature (C): the distance from the center of the mirror to vertex
Parts of a ray diagram

19. Ray diagrams are designed to trace out where the light rays from one part of an image
Wherever these light rays converge back to is where the image of that one point will be created
We use the principle axis as the “ground” where the object sits on relative to the mirror
There are 4 types of rays that we can keep track of for a curved mirror
Tracking an image

20. RAY DIAGRAM CONVENTIONS
Ray #1: Any ray that is parallel to the PA is reflected through F
Ray #2: Any ray that passes through F is reflected parallel to PA
Ray #3: Any ray that passes through C is reflected along the same path
Ray #4: Any ray that hits the vertex is reflected at the same angle C F’ C’
IMAGE IS ALWAYS DRAWN FROM PA TO THE POINT OF INTERSECTING LINES F

21. Note: you only need any 2 of the 4 possible rays that you can draw to locate an image!
Use the ones that you are most comfortable with – but remember that you have to adhere to the rules with using each one very carefully to locate images!
Do I have to use them all?

22. The location of the object determines the outcome of the image
There are only 6 types of images that can be formed, and they are dependent on where the object is placed
Object at great distance: real, inverted, smaller than object, at F
Object beyond C: real, smaller, inverted, between C and F
Object at C: real, inverted, same size, at C
Object between F and C: real, inverted, larger, beyond C
Object at F: no image formed
Object between F and V: virtual, erect, larger
CONVERGING MIRRORS

23. C F F’ C’

24. RAY DIAGRAM CONVENTIONS
1. Object at great distance: real, inverted, smaller than object, at F C F

25. RAY DIAGRAM CONVENTIONS
2. Object beyond C: real, smaller, inverted, between C and F C F’ C’ F

26. RAY DIAGRAM CONVENTIONS
3. Object at C: real, inverted, same size, at C C F’ C’ F

27. RAY DIAGRAM CONVENTIONS
4. Object between F and C: real, inverted, larger, beyond C C F’ C’ F

28. RAY DIAGRAM CONVENTIONS
5. Object at F: no image formed
Note: light rays remain parallel so no image formed C F’ C’ F

29. RAY DIAGRAM CONVENTIONS
6. Object between F and V: virtual, erect, larger C F’ C’ F

30. RAY DIAGRAMS FOR DIVERGING MIRRORS
Follow the same rules, but use the VIRTUAL focal point and centre of curvature
You are trying to pinpoint where the reflected light rays APPEAR to be coming from
It is impossible for a real image to be formed in a diverging mirror since all reflected light rays spread out from each other on the real side, therefore, they will never intersect to form an image
DIVERGING MIRRORS ALWAYS PRODUCE IMAGES THAT ARE VIRTUAL, ERECT, AND SMALLER
RAY DIAGRAMS FOR DIVERGING MIRRORS

31. Ray #1: Any ray that is parallel to the PA is reflected as if it has passed through F
Ray #2: Any ray that appears to have passed through F is reflected parallel to PA
Ray #3: Any ray that appears to have passed through C is reflected along the same path
Ray #4: Any ray that hits the vertex appears to have been reflected at the
same angle F’ C’ C F

32. Equations for curved mirrors
Along with ray diagrams, images created by curved mirrors can be determined by using equations
These equations are based on the similar triangles that can be traced out in a ray diagram
Equations for curved mirrors

33. Similar triangles, therefore:
ho = do-f
hi f
Since:
ho = do
hi di
Rearranging:
do = do-f
di f
= 1
do di f do ho C F hi di

34. Magnification Equation Refer to page 425 in text m= hi = -di ho do
m=magnification hi=image height ho= object height
di=image distance to mirror do= object distance to mirror
The image height, hi, is negative if the image is inverted relative to the object

35. CONVENTIONS FOR CURVED MIRROR EQUATION
If the image is VIRTUAL its di/do is a NEGATIVE number
If the image is REAL its di/do is a POSITIVE number
If the object/image is ERECT its hi/ho is a POSITIVE number
If the object/image is INVERTED its hi/ho is a NEGATIVE number
For all divering mirrors, f or focal length, is always a negative number
CONVENTIONS FOR CURVED MIRROR EQUATION

36. MAGNIFICATION EQUATION FOR CURVED MIRRORS
Therefore: since the image formed by a converging mirror is inverted, the magnification equation must change since the f, and distances are all positive
M = hi = - di
ho do
Therefore, this equation can also tell you if the image is real, virtual, inverted or erect
MAGNIFICATION EQUATION FOR CURVED MIRRORS