1. Swine Introduction and Breeds
Dr. Randy Harp

2. Swine Domestication species Factors favorable for swine production
sus scrofa - wild boar
sus vittatus - domesticated pig
Factors favorable for swine production
prolificacy
conversion of grain and waste to meat
cash flow is quicker

3. Swine Factors unfavorable Future cost of grain
more sensitive to careless management
susceptibility to diseases
fencing or facilities
labor esp. at farrowing
Future
competition, human consumption of pork

4. Feeding Swine Basic diet = corn and soybean meal
Pelleted versus bulk ground meal
Basic nutrients
Protein
CHO
Fat
Vitamins and minerals
Water

5. Swine Feeding Stages starter pig ration at 10- 40 lbs (18%)
grower at /125 lbs (16%)
finishing at lbs (12-14%)
feed efficiency should be around 3:1
3 lbs of feed to - one lb. of wt. gain
replacement gilts - 4 lbs/day
increase feed 2-3 X during lactation

6. Swine Feeding cont. Sows & boars are condition dependent
do not over feed
Soft Pork - caused by lower melting points in the fat caused by feeding certain feeds:ie too much peanut meal
Trichinosis – trad. garbage fed swine
Pale, Soft, and Exudative Pork

7. Swine Breeding Purebred: linebreeding, outcrossing
Crossbreeding- hybridization
Company specific
Commercial industry

8. Swine Reproduction Gestation- 114 days Estrous – 21 days
Estrus – 2-3 days
Birth weight 2-4 lbs.
Weaning weight lbs.
Days at market (250 lbs) - 180

9. Swine Establishing a herd
Type and breed
size and age of animals to purchase
Health (diseases)
Water quality and availability
price
selection systems
Environmental control (housing) / EPA
waste management

10. Swine Types and breeds of swine Causes for type Types consumer demand
availability of feeds
breeding type by breeders
Types
meat, bacon, lard

11. Swine Major purebred breeds Hampshire Yorkshire Duroc Spot Poland
Chester White
Landrace

12. US Swine Breeds Four Classifications Sire / Carcass Breeds
- 40 World wide
- Only 8 Industry Impact
Four Classifications
Sire / Carcass Breeds
Maternal Breeds
Minor Breeds
Swine Company Genetics

13. Breeds of Swine classification by type
lard, meat, or bacon
all US breeds are now meat/lean type
7 major purebreeds vs new and hybrid breeds
Black and Red or sire/Carcass breeds
White or Mother Breeds/Maternal

14. Sire/Carcass Breeds
Berkshire- black with six white points with erect ears
origin- England/ medium frame size
probably the best mother of colored breeds
Hampshire- black with white belt
origin - Boone County, Kentucky
known as the carcass breed

16. Sire/Carcass Breeds Berkshire Developed: Characteristics: Noted For:
Berkshire England
Characteristics:
Black with erect
6 – white points
Face, legs, tail
Noted For:
True Pure Breed
Highest Pork Quality
Berkshire Gold
- Premium Pork Product

17. Sire/Carcass Breeds Hampshire- most popular sire or terminal crosses
Poland China- black with six white points with drooping ears
origin- Butler and Warren counties, Ohio
known for their carcass merit and size

20. Sire/Carcass Breeds Hampshire Developed: Characteristics: Noted For:
Hampshire Co. England
Imported in 1825 to Kentucky
Called “Thin Rinds”
Major growth in 30’s
Characteristics:
Black with a White Belt
Noted For:
Carcass Traits
Heaviest muscled leanest breed

24. Colored Breeds cont. Spot - Spotted Poland China until 1961
approx. 50 % white and black with drooping ears
origin - Indiana from Gloucester Old Spots imported from England
Pietran- known for carcass yield, not qual.
Duroc - Red with drooping ears (light sandy to dark red)
known for growth, & hardiness

26. Sire/Carcass Breeds Pietrain Developed: Characteristics: Noted For:
Belgium
Characteristics:
Spotted
Double muscled
Noted For:
Leanness and muscle
Below average pork quality

28. Sire/Carcass Breeds Duroc Developed: Characteristics: Noted For:
New Jersey Reds
Sire named “Duroc”
Characteristics:
Red body
Variation is light to dark
Noted For:
Ruggedness / durability
Feed efficiency
Rate of Growth

31. White Breeds
Yorkshire - white with erect ears (occasionally black spots on the skin that does not disqualifiy them to be registered)
known as the “Mother Breed” due to their prolificacy, milking ability, feed efficiency, and structurally sound
origin- England , where it is known as the Large White

32. Mother Breeds Yorkshire Developed: Characteristics: Noted For:
York county England
Imported in 1830
Characteristics:
White with Erect ears
A large breed
Noted For:
Maternal characteristics
Most carcass oriented of Mother breeds
“Dual Purpose”

35. Maternal Breeds Chester White Developed: Characteristics: Noted For:
Chester Co Pennsylvania
Mid 1800’s from White hogs in the area
Characteristics:
White body
More Bone “Rugged design compared to other mother breeds”
Noted For:
Maternal characteristics
Durability
Meat quality

36. White Breeds Chester White- white with drooping ears
origin - Chester and Delaware counties of Pennsylvannia
excellent mothering ability, prolific, and adapt well

39. White Breeds
American Landrace- white long bodied, level topped, straight snout and lop ears
origin- Denmark
Very prolific and may have 16 to 17 pairs of ribs (normal is 13)
may have black spots or freckles

40. Mother Breeds Landrace Developed: Characteristics: Noted For:
From Danish Landrace
1930’s imported
Characteristics:
White with Big Droopy ears
Fine boned
Distinctively long bodied
Noted For:
Most Prolific Breed
Largest litter size

42. Other Breeds Hereford Tammworth OIC - Ohio Improved Chester
Many hybrids for commercial breeding

44. Cross Breeding Crossbreeding Developed:
To improve the hog being developed by utilizing the positives from the breeds selected
Greater performance and growth rates from increased hybrid vigor

46. Developing F1 crosses
Hampshire
Yorkshire

47. Developing F1 crosses
Hampshire
Duroc
H D Terminal Boars

48. Terminal Line
Maternal Line