1. Ode to a Nightingale
John Keats
Lecture 15

2. Stanza 4
Away! away! for I will fly to thee, Not charioted by Bacchus and his pards, But on the viewless wings of Poesy, Though the dull brain perplexes and retards: Baccuhus: god of wine Pards: friends Viewless: invisible The brain confuses and slows him down.

3. Already with thee! tender is the night, And haply the Queen-Moon is on her throne, Cluster'd around by all her starry Fays; Moon is personified as a queen on her throne surrounded by her attendants (stars).

4. But here there is no light, Save what from heaven is with the breezes blown Through verdurous glooms and winding mossy ways. Verdurous glooms: thickness of forest trees causing darkness The home of nightingale is a magical place in the thick of night.

5. Stanza 5
I cannot see what flowers are at my feet, Nor what soft incense hangs upon the boughs, But, in embalmed darkness, guess each sweet Wherewith the seasonable month endows The grass, the thicket, and the fruit-tree wild; Sensuous poetry: uses sense of smell to describe the world of nightingle. Embalmed darkness: sweet smelling with soothing effect.

6. White hawthorn, and the pastoral eglantine; Fast fading violets cover'd up in leaves; And mid-May's eldest child, The coming musk-rose, full of dewy wine, The murmurous haunt of flies on summer eves. Dewy wine: dew of musk rose as intoxicating as wine.

7. Stanza 6
Darkling I listen; and, for many a time I have been half in love with easeful Death, Call'd him soft names in many a mused rhyme, To take into the air my quiet breath; Sense of hearing; compares the experience of being alone in dark with death.

8. Now more than ever seems it rich to die, To cease upon the midnight with no pain, While thou art pouring forth thy soul abroad In such an ecstasy! He wants to die while listening to the bird’s song.

9. Still wouldst thou sing, and I have ears in vain— To thy high requiem become a sod. Requiem: song for dead Sod: grassy soil He asks the bird if it will still go on singing when he is dead and in his grave.

10. Stanza 7
Thou wast not born for death, immortal Bird! No hungry generations tread thee down; The voice I hear this passing night was heard In ancient days by emperor and clown: Hungary generations: young ones replacing their parnets Calls the bird immortal as its song has held in trance generations since old ( the Greeks and Romans also honored the bird in their poetry in courts).

11. Perhaps the self-same song that found a path Through the sad heart of Ruth, when, sick for home, She stood in tears amid the alien corn; In Hebrew Bible or Old Testament (in Book of Ruth), the story of Ruth is explained – Ruth married a guy & moved to a new country, her husband died & instead of returning she stayed & looked after her mother-in-law & worked in strange fields & later remarried.

12. The same that oft-times hath Charm'd magic casements, opening on the foam Of perilous seas, in faery lands forlorn. magic casement: magic box on ship Faery lands: foreign lands The song of nightingale influenced everyone who ever listened to it and gave courage and hope in adversity and troubles.

13. Stanza 8
Forlorn! the very word is like a bell To toll me back from thee to my sole self! Adieu! the fancy cannot cheat so well As she is fam'd to do, deceiving elf. Forlorn: alone, abandoned His ‘fancy’ or imagination has failed him, so her calls it ‘deceiving elf’ He is unable to escape permanently into the world of nightingale so is dejected.

14. Adieu! adieu! thy plaintive anthem fades Past the near meadows, over the still stream, Up the hill-side; and now 'tis buried deep In the next valley-glades: Plaintive-anthem: sad song The bird is moving and thus the song seems to be coming from different directions.

15. Was it a vision, or a waking dream
Was it a vision, or a waking dream? Fled is that music:—Do I wake or sleep? He is not sure if he entered the world of nightingale at all; he is confused.

16. Critics generally agree that Nightingale was the second of the five 'great odes' of 1819 and its themes are reflected in its 'twin' ode, ‘Ode on a Grecian Urn'.
Keats's friend and roommate, Charles Brown, described the composition of this beautiful work as follows:
'In 'In the spring of 1819 a nightingale had built her nest near my house. Keats felt a tranquil and continual joy in her song; and one

17. morning he took his chair from the breakfast-table to the grass plot under a plum-tree, where he sat for two or three hours. When he came into the house, I perceived he had some scraps of paper in his hand, and these he was quietly thrusting behind the books. On inquiry, I found these scraps, four or five in number, contained his poetic feeling on the song of our nightingale. The writing was not well legible; and it was difficult to arrange the stanzas on so many scraps. With his assistance I succeeded, and this was his 'Ode to a Nightingale', a poem which has been the delight of everyone.'

18. Analysis/Themes Three main thoughts stand out in the ode,
Keats’ evaluation of life filled with pain and tears
Wish that he might die and enter a pain free world – a recurrent attitude towards life
Power of imagination or fancy (does not make distinction between the two) – it is not powerful after all, as it cannot give more than temporary escape from the cares of life.