1. The Impact and Cost-Effectiveness of the Missouri Solar Rebate Erin Noble Nicholas School of the Environment Duke University Advisor: Randy Kramer

2. Evaluating the Missouri Solar Rebate: Scope and Objectives Growth Cost-Effectiveness Economic, Environmental and Public Health Impact

3. Solar Industry Overview

5. Reason for Rapid Expansion #1: Decreasing Price of Solar

6. Solar Industry Overview Reason for Rapid Expansion #2: Higher Electric Rates

7. 2008 Prop C: Missouri Clean Energy Initiative $2 15% by 2021 RES $2/watt solar rebate Applies to Missouri’s three Investor-owned Utilities Ameren Missouri (St. Louis) Kansas City Power and Light (KCPL) Empire Electric (Springfield). Not offering the rebate – Challenged in court.

8. Part 1: Growth Method In-state comparison Empire vs. Ameren vs. Kansas City Power and Light Out-of-state comparison Missouri vs. Kentucky vs. Nebraska

9. Comparison: In-state Growth

10. Comparison: Out-of-state Growth

11. Part 2: Cost-Effectiveness Method Solar rebate vs. new generation U.S. Energy Information Administration The high cost of peak power Solar helps decrease expenditures on expensive peak power

12. Solar Rebate ($2 per watt) Natural Gas: Conventional Combined CoalWind Natural Gas: Advanced Combustion Turbine Nuclear Capital Cost per MWh $60.88$17.5$65.3$83.9$31.6$90.1 Operation & Maintenance $0$1.9$3.9$9.6$5.5$11.1 Variable O&M incl. Fuel $0$45.6$24.3$0$62.9$11.7 Transmission $0$1.2 $3.5 $1 Utility Cost per MWh $60.88$66.20$94.70$97.00$103.50$113.90 U.S. Average Levelized Costs (2009 $ per MWh) for plants entering service in 2016 The Solar Rebate – A Cost-Effective Investment: It is cheaper for Missouri utilities to invest in the solar rebate than to build new power plants

13. Solar offsets expensive peak power

14. Slow the dollar drain by creating energy in-state Source: University of California Berkeley. 2004. Putting Renewables to Work: How Many Jobs can the Clean Energy Industry Generate.

15. Cleaner Air, Healthier Families: Solar Rebate Reduces Fossil Fuel Emissions Average Missouri home uses 30-60 lbs. of coal a day. 1 kilowatt hour of power = 1 pound of coal

16. Cleaner Air, Healthier Families: Decrease air emissions and reduce fatalities Coal plant emissions Mercury: neurological disorders in children 55,000 premature deaths a year Asthma and lung disease.