1. Stellar Evolution up to the Main Sequence

2. Stellar Evolution Recall that at the start we made a point that all we can "see" of the stars is: Brightness Color (Spectra) Position Distance (if we are lucky or clever) Let's see if there are any correlations

3. Stellar Evolution Using distance (when we know it) we can convert the Brightness (apparent magnitude) into the absolute magnitude, or even the Luminosity To make things easy we can write the luminosity relative to that of the Sun, L/L 

4. Stellar Evolution The Color, or spectra, we can convert to –A Spectral Class –A Temperature –A B-V value V is the visible magnitude B is the magnitude as seen on photographic plates –Photographic plates are more sensitive to blue light – blue stars will appear brighter B-V gives a numerical "Color" index For comparison –the yellowish Sun (G2) has a B-V index of 0.656 and a surface temperature of about 6000K –the bluish Rigel (B8) has B-V index of -0.03 and a surface temperature of about 11000K

5. Stellar Evolution We can plot the Luminosity ratio versus the color: O B A F G K M 1.1 10.01 100 1000 The Sun would go here

6. Stellar Evolution This plot was independently discovered by Hertzsprung and Russell It is now called the Hertzsprung-Russell, or H-R, Diagram Ejnar Hertzsprung (1873-1967) Henry Norris Russell (1877-1957)

7. The HR Diagram O B A F G K M 1.1 10.01 100 1000 The Sun The 50 Nearest Stars

8. The HR Diagram O B A F G K M 1.1 10.01 100 1000 The 50 Brightest Stars

9. The HR Diagram O B A F G K M 1.1 10.01 100 1000

10. The HR Diagram O B A F G K M 1.1 10.01 100 1000 There appears to be three main areas where the stars are grouped

11. The HR Diagram O B A F G K M 1.1 10.01 100 1000 This curve is where 90% of the stars appear

12. The HR Diagram O B A F G K M 1.1 10.01 100 1000 These are pretty dim, but also very hot…white hot This implies that they are very small

13. The HR Diagram O B A F G K M 1.1 10.01 100 1000 These are cool, but very bright - the size must be huge

14. HR Diagram O B A F G K M 1.1 10.01 100 1000 Red Giants White Dwarfs Blue Giants Main Sequence Red Dwarfs

16. Starbirth

17. Protostars form in cold, dark nebulae

18. Distant dark nebulae are hard to observe, because they do not emit visible light However, dark nebulae can be detected using microwave observation, because the molecules in nebulae emit at millimeter wavelengths Giant molecular clouds are immense nebular so cold that their constituent atoms can form molecules. Giant molecular clouds are found in the spiral arms of our Galaxy. Giant Molecular Clouds

19. Star-forming regions appear when a giant molecular cloud is compressed This can be caused by the cloud’s passage through one of the spiral arms of our Galaxy, by a supernova explosion, or by other mechanisms Giant Molecular Clouds and Star- forming Regions

20. Molecular Clouds Disorderly Complex Giant Molecular Cloud in Orion Infrared view From IRAS satellite

21. Molecular or Dark Clouds "Cores" and Outflows Stages of Star Formation Jets and Disks Extrasolar System 1 pc

22. Stages of Starbirth #  t to Next Stage (yr) Core Temp. (  K) Surface Temp (  K) Diameter (Km) Description 12,000,00010 100,000,000,000,000Interstellar Gas Cloud 230,000100101,000,000,000,000Cloud Fragment 3100,00010,00010010,000,000,000Cloud Fragment 41,000,000 3,000100,000,000ProtoStar 510,000,0005,000,0004,00010,000,000ProtoStar 630,000,00010,000,0004,5002,000,000Star 710,000,000,00015,000,0006,0001,500,000Main Sequence

23. Lifetime on the Main Sequence Luminosity basically describes how fast the star is ‘burning’ its fuel. This is clearly related to how much fuel there is because the greater the mass the higher the pressures and temperatures: L  M 3 Lifetime is “how much fuel / how fast it’s used” T = M/L  1/M 2

24. Lifetime on the Main Sequence Here are some comparison values: Mass (M sun ) Lifetime (T sun ) Lifetime (years) 1000.00011 million 100.01100 million 1110 billion 0.11001 trillion

25. The Path to the Main Sequence O B A F G K M 1.1 10.01 100 1000

26. The T Tauri phase

27. Gravity causes the gas/dust cloud to condense. The situation then usually becomes quite complex Some of the infalling gas is heated so much by collisions that it is immediately expelled as an outgoing wind. Jets and disks form as the infalling and outflowing gas collide and interact with changing magnetic fields. Temperatures and masses are similar to the Sun, but they are brighter They have fast rotation rates (few days) Variable X-ray and radio emission Not yet a 'star', but will be in a few million years

28. During the birth process, stars both gain and lose mass In the final stages of pre–main-sequence contraction, when thermonuclear reactions are about to begin in its core, a protostar may eject large amounts of gas into space Low-mass stars that vigorously eject gas are called T Tauri stars (age ~ 1 million year)

29. Jets: A circumstellar accretion disk provides material that a young star ejects as jets

30. Jets: Clumps of glowing gas are sometimes found along these jets and at their ends Known as Herbig-Haro Objects

31. A Magnetic Model for Jets (Bipolar Outflow)

32. Starbirth in NCG 281

33. M16 in Infrared

35. Bok Globules