1. An ISO 9001:2008 Certified Organization IBO 06 International Business Finance

2. An ISO 9001:2008 Certified Organization BLOCK 1 International Financial System

3. © Copyright PCTI Group 2009 | | International Monetary System It involves the management of three processes (I) the adjustment of balance of payments positions, including the establishment and alteration of exchange rates; (2) the financing of payments imbalances among countries by the use of credit or reserves; and (3) the provision of international money (reserves).

4. © Copyright PCTI Group 2009 | | Evolution of International Monetary System Gold Standard-period prior to the 1914-18 was considered as gold standard International debt settlement in gold It was the foundation of international trading system When the country had surplus then gold flowed into central bank When the country had deficit then gold flowed outside the country

5. © Copyright PCTI Group 2009 | | Bretton Woods in IMF agreement International conferrence was held in Bretton Woods in 1944 It was signed by 44 nations IMF was to be established to promote consultation and collaboration on international problems To lend to member countries

6. © Copyright PCTI Group 2009 | | Regional Financial Institution Asian Development Bank African Development European Investment Bank Inter-American Development Bank Atlantic Development Group for Latin America Arab Fund for Economic And Social Development European Bank for reconstruction and Development

7. © Copyright PCTI Group 2009 | | International Financial Markets International financial markets is concerned with buying and selling currencies banking transactions and capital market operations International markets can be money (trading with the instruments less than 1 year)and capital market(deals with instruments maturity exceeds 1 year)

8. © Copyright PCTI Group 2009 | | International financial market include Euro Market Euro is the official currency of the eurozone which includes Australia, finland, Germany, Greece, Italy, Spain etc. Euro market quotes two rates Offered Rate (LIBOR), Bid rate (LIBID)

9. © Copyright PCTI Group 2009 | | International Debt Instruments Euro Notes is a promissory note with short term maturities Euro Commercial papers large corporations with strong credit ratings is to raise funds by issuing CP. It is issued as unsecured security by commercial and financial institution. The prominent markets for commercial papers are US,Canada,UK,Japan,Australia Medium Term Notes Floating Rate Notes Euro Bonds

10. © Copyright PCTI Group 2009 | | International Banking International Money Transfer Mechanism Correspondent bank Foreign branch Foreign agencies Foreign subsidiary banks Representative offices

11. © Copyright PCTI Group 2009 | | Terms of account in international banking Two are used Nostro Vostro

12. © Copyright PCTI Group 2009 | | Money Market Instruments Treasury Bills Commercial papers Banker’s acceptance Certificate of deposits Repurchase agreements

13. © Copyright PCTI Group 2009 | | International Banking Risks and Capital Adequacy Requirements Capital adequacy consists of Core Capital (Tier I) Supplemental Capital (Tier II) consists of Secret reserves Revaluation reserves General provision and loss reserves Hybrid debt capital instruments Subordinated Debt

14. © Copyright PCTI Group 2009 | | International transactions and balance of payment BOP=all inflows-all outflows on current account and capital account Value of visible exports can be balanced against the value of visible imports Value of invisible exports can be balanced against the value of invisible imports to determine invisible balance Balance of payment consists of balance of investment and other capital flows

15. © Copyright PCTI Group 2009 | | Adjustment Policies Unilateral Adjustments Bilateral adjustments Regional adjustments Multilateral adjustments

16. An ISO 9001:2008 Certified Organization BLOCK 2 Foreign Exchange Risk Management

17. © Copyright PCTI Group 2009 | | Foreign Exchange Markets Foreign exchange market is the market where one currency is exchanged for another currency Foreign currency market can be domestic as well as international Currencies are also traded in the form of derivative contracts such as swaps,options,futures Outcry method replaced by screen based trading Foreign exchange rate is the rate at which one currency is traded in exchange for another in the forex market In free market freely movement of prices as per the demand and supply

18. © Copyright PCTI Group 2009 | | In regulated market exchange rates are regulated and controlled Forex markets are least partially regulated

19. © Copyright PCTI Group 2009 | | Foreign Exchange Quotations Direct Quotations Indirect Quotations Cross Rates

20. © Copyright PCTI Group 2009 | | Foreign Exchange Transactions Trade transaction Interbank transactions Spot transactions Forward transactions

21. © Copyright PCTI Group 2009 | | Determination and Forecasting of Exchange Rate Approaches to exchange rate Purchasing power parity It states prices of a similar products of two different countries should be equal when measured in common currency Interest rate parity The forward discount/premium is app. equal to the interest differential between currencies The Fisher Effect The International Fisher Effect

22. © Copyright PCTI Group 2009 | | Currency Risk Management Risk means the variability from the most likely happening. Types of currency risk Translation Risk Transaction Risk Economic Risk Political Risk Interest rate Risk

23. © Copyright PCTI Group 2009 | | Derivatives Derivatives are financial instruments whose prices derived from the prices from the prices of other financial instruments. The action of managing risk is called derivatives Hedging is the technique by which uncertainities can be reduced.

24. © Copyright PCTI Group 2009 | | Derivative Instruments Forward Contract and Forward Rate Agreements Future Contracts Currency Options Currency Swaps Interest Rate Swaps

25. © Copyright PCTI Group 2009 | | Transaction Exposure Transaction exposure is on transactions that a firm has already entered into and that are denominated in a foreign currency, the firm could incur future gains or losses owing to the unanticipated exchange rate fluctuations

26. © Copyright PCTI Group 2009 | | Techniques of Transaction Exposure Forward market hedge Money market hedge Exposure netting Currency risk sharing Leading and lagging Currency options currency futures Currency swaps

27. © Copyright PCTI Group 2009 | | Translation Exposure It refers to the amount of risk facing as a result of the need to translate financial statements prepared in one currency into statements in another currency

28. © Copyright PCTI Group 2009 | | Currency Translation methods Current/non current method Monetary/non-monetary method Temporal method Current rate method

29. © Copyright PCTI Group 2009 | | Designing a hedging strategy Funds flow adjustment Forward contracts Exposure netting

30. © Copyright PCTI Group 2009 | | Economic Exposure It is related with cash flow risk Cash flow means net dividend and liquidation proceeds available to the owners Free cash flow Future earnings of the company It is based on the extent to which the value of a company as measured by the present value of its expected future cash flows will change when exchange rate change

31. © Copyright PCTI Group 2009 | | Managing Economic Exposure Marketing initiatives Market selection and segmentation Pricing strategy Promotional strategy Product strategy Production initiatives Input mix Shifting production among plants Plant location Raising productivity Financial initiatives

32. An ISO 9001:2008 Certified Organization BLOCK 3 Investing in Foreign Operations

33. © Copyright PCTI Group 2009 | | Corporate Strategy and Foreign Direct Investment Multinational Corporation is a corporate undertaking whose industrial operating are based in more than two countries and whose decision making process is based on the overall strategy

34. © Copyright PCTI Group 2009 | | Foreign Direct Investment FDI involves the setting up of subsidiaries in foreign countries for the domestic production of commodities which previously imported fro the parent company. It is more concerned to developing countries where financial resources have more constraint. It makes an opportunity of proper globalization concept and deployment of resources and technology in world wide. In competitive advantage scenario it gives an opportunity of marketing expansion and as well as production and operation activity leveraged.

35. © Copyright PCTI Group 2009 | | CORPORATE STRATEGY JOINT VENTURES AND GLOBAL EXPANSION

36. © Copyright PCTI Group 2009 | | It is often used in the context of a company's plan of action that causes it to allocate its scarce resources (specially finance) over time "to get from where it is to where it wants to go". "Strategy" has been depicted as the base of a cold triangle (three hard elements), superimposed by four soft elements. in the well-known "SEVEN S's MODEL“ Corporate strategy, in association with structure (organisation chart) and systems (procedures), is supposed to achieve superordinate goals (significant objectives/guiding concepts) through skills (distinctive capabilities), staff (personnel) and style (organisational culture).

37. © Copyright PCTI Group 2009 | | Indian Regulation of Foreign Direct Investment and Guidelines In December 1996, the Reserve Bank of India allowed automatic approval of FDI up to74% in nine categories : i) Electricity generation and transmission: Non-conventional energy generation and transmission; iii) Maintenance of roads, bridges, ports, harbours, runways, waterways, tunnels, pipelines. industrial and power plants: iv) Pipeline transport except POL (petroleum, oil and lubricant) and gas; v) Water transport

38. © Copyright PCTI Group 2009 | | Foreign Exchange Regulation: FERA AND FEMA FERA(Foreign Exchange Regulation Act) 1973 was inacted on the recommendations 47 th report of Law Commission.After reviewing FERA FEMA was enacted in 1999 FERA considered offence as criminal offence while FEMA considered civil offence Appellate board replaced by Appellate Tribunal and Special Director(appeals) under FEMA The defaulters shall be liable to civil imprisonment The penalty is thrice the sum involved or upto two lakfh rupees

39. © Copyright PCTI Group 2009 | | International Project Appraisal Projects involve long term expenditure, the amount of expenditure being generally large. An important characteristic of projects is Once committed, it is difficult to liquidate without substantial loss. An obvious implication of it is that the cost of error of judgement in case of projects is very high. So,an international investor should appraise a project as 'stand alone'

40. © Copyright PCTI Group 2009 | | Project Appraisal Project appraisal is whether or not to put the money in the project it means comparing return on investment with the cost of the funds. Only if the return is higher than the cost of funds, it would make sense to put the money in a project. Under the financial appraisal, market-price-based cash flows accruing to the project arc considered. Under the economic appraisal, economic prices or shadow price based cash flows accruing to the project are considered. Under the social appraisal, economic prices based cash flows accruing to project and its social and environmental context are considered. Technological appraisal involves assessment of the requirements of the construction, commissioning, operation and maintenance and abandonment phases of the project.

41. © Copyright PCTI Group 2009 | | Discounted Cash Flow technique NPV IRR Non-Discounted Cash Flow Technique Pay back Period Accounting Rate of Return Project Appraisal Technique

42. © Copyright PCTI Group 2009 | | Adjusted Present Value Technique It includes Initial investment Project’s Remittable Cash Flow Contribution of subsidies and concession to project Tax savings and other transfers to parent

43. © Copyright PCTI Group 2009 | | Cost of Capital for Foreign Investment Cost capital is the measure of financial performance of a firm Cost capital is the minimum risk adjusted return required by investors for undertaking an investment the net present value of the future cash flows of the project exceeds or at least be equal to the project's cost of capital. This cost is used as a discount rate.

44. © Copyright PCTI Group 2009 | | Weighted Average Cost of Capital for Foreign Projects The weighted average cost of capital (WACC) of the project, is the cost of equity combined with the after-tax cost of debt. KO = ko( I - L ) K e + L i d ( l - t ) Where, KO = Weighted cost of capital L = debt ratio (debt to total assets) of the parent company Ke = cost of the equity capital id (1-t) = after-tax cost of the debt.

45. © Copyright PCTI Group 2009 | | Cost of Various Sources of Funds Cost of Parent Company's Funds KO' = KO + (I-L) (Ke'-Ke) KO* = Cost of capital in changed conditions of riskiness Ke' = Cost of equity based on new perceptions of riskiness Ke = Company's cost of equity capital L = Debt ratio of the parent company

46. © Copyright PCTI Group 2009 | | The Cost of Retained Earnings ks= Ke x (1 - t) where Ks = cost of retained earnings t = tax rate Cost of Foreign Debt : Rfd = Rf(l-t)(l-d)-d where Rfd = Cost of foreign debt Rf = ' Foreign interest rate 1 d = Percentage depreciation of foreign currency

47. © Copyright PCTI Group 2009 | | Cost of Equity Capital Cost of equity is the minimum rate of return necessary to induce investors to buy or hold the Rr = R f + R p Rr = required rate of return R f = risk free rate of return R p = risk premium

48. © Copyright PCTI Group 2009 | | Dividend Valuation Model Ke=Div1/Po+g Ke=company cost of equity capital Div1=expected dividend in year 1 Po=current price of share g=growth rate of dividend

49. © Copyright PCTI Group 2009 | | Capital Asset Pricing Model Ri = Rf+bi(Rm-Rf) Ri=equilibrium expected return for asset I Rf=risk free rate Rm=expected return on market portfolio Bi=covariance between return and market portfolio

50. © Copyright PCTI Group 2009 | | Political Risk And Tax Aspects Political risk is defined as the possibility of unwanted consequences of political activity and events. There are three major categories of political risks. (a) forced disinvestment (b) unwelcome regulation and (c) interference with operations. Forced disinvestment occurs when a host government acquires assets of a company against company's will.

51. © Copyright PCTI Group 2009 | | Assessment of Political Risk a) The recognition of political risk and its likely consequence; this stage is concerned with measuring political risk. b) The development of policies to cope with political risk; this stage is concerned with managing political risk. c) Should expropriation occur, the development of tactics to maximise compensation; this stage is concerned with developing post expropriation policies.

52. © Copyright PCTI Group 2009 | | Measuring Political Risk There are two approaches to measure the political risk. Firstly, there is the country- specific route (called macro approach), and secondly one can take the firm specific route (called the micro-approach )

53. © Copyright PCTI Group 2009 | | Managing Political Risk Pre-investment Planning An MNC can follow each or all of the following policies. 1) avoidance 2) insurance 3) negotiating the environment 4) structuring the investment.

54. © Copyright PCTI Group 2009 | | Operating Policies a) Planned dis-investmant, b) Short-term profit maximisation, c) Changing the benefit/cost ratio of expropriation, d) Developing total stakeholders, e) Adaptation.

55. © Copyright PCTI Group 2009 | | Post Expropration Policies Rational negotiations Applying power Legal remedies Management Surrender

56. © Copyright PCTI Group 2009 | | Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency MIGA policies and practices can be divided into two classes: a) Investment Marketing Services b) lnvestment Guarantee Services

57. © Copyright PCTI Group 2009 | | Investment Marketing Services : Marketing Core services fall into three broad areas 1) Capacity building 2) Information dissemination 3) Investment facilitation

58. An ISO 9001:2008 Certified Organization BLOCK 4 Financing International Operations

59. © Copyright PCTI Group 2009 | | Designing Global Capital Structure Financial theory states that for each firm there is a combination of different sources of finance i.e. debt, equity, and other forms (preferred stock, etc.) which maximises its value, while simultaneously minimising its cost of capital.

60. © Copyright PCTI Group 2009 | | Sources of External Funds Foreign Bonds Foreign Bank Loans Foreign Equity

61. © Copyright PCTI Group 2009 | | World-Wide Capital Structure designing capital structure would require (1) determining the cost of individual sources of funds employed (or planned to be employed), (2) determining the proportion in which different sources of funds are employed (or planned to be employed) (3) computing the weighted average cost of capital of different sources of funds employed (or planned to be employed).

62. © Copyright PCTI Group 2009 | | Foreign Subsidiary Capital Structure The problem is whether foreign subsidiary capital structures a) Conform to the capital structure of the parent company b) Reflect the capitalization norms in each foreign country c) Vary to take advantage of opportunities to minimise the MNC's cost of capital

63. © Copyright PCTI Group 2009 | | International Cash Management Cash management can be examined from two perspectives: an intracountry perspective and an intercountry perspective. lntracountry cash management deals with the payment systems, banks, investments and borrowing sources available in a particular country. Intercountry cash management deals with cash movement among several countries.

64. © Copyright PCTI Group 2009 | | Integrating Cash and Foreign Exchange Management The objectives of a system integrating cash and foreign exchange management are to: a) maxirnise total cash or to minimise total borrowings in all currencies together, avoiding concurrent investment and borrowing unless there are arbitrage opportunities; b) minimise foreign exchange exposure levels and insure exposure netting; C) minirnise fluctuations of foreign exchange exposure levels; and d) minimise transaction costs.

65. © Copyright PCTI Group 2009 | | Factors Affecting Working Capital/Cash Management Absence of Forward Markets Transaction Costs Political Risk Liquidity requirements Taxes

66. © Copyright PCTI Group 2009 | | Importance of Cash Cycle in Cash Management Information is distributed on the basis of a need to know which is different from cash requirements. Short payment channels involving a minimum number of banks allow for maximum control. Modern commnunication systems are used. Efficient banks with high standards of customer service are employed. There is a minimal impact on the internal corporate organisation, decision making pattern and accounting system.

67. © Copyright PCTI Group 2009 | | Float Management Float is created in business transactions when funds are moved from one party to another. Float is simply the availability of funds to one of the parties. four types of float can be identified: settlement float, transit (or mail) float, processing float, and clearing (or value dating) float.

68. © Copyright PCTI Group 2009 | | Centralised Cash Management continuously monitor net open positions and take action; identify all opportunities for netting exposures between operating units; provide foreign exchange and investment expertise in support of the operating unit provide centralised foreign exchange reporting.

69. © Copyright PCTI Group 2009 | | Advantages of centralised cash management Netting Currency Diversification Pooling

70. © Copyright PCTI Group 2009 | | Foreign Trade Financing Financing of trade requires large amount of money and financial services. The banks and financial institutions play vital role in providing the necessary help in this regard. There are uniform customs and rules for documentary credits followed all over the world in foreign trade.

71. © Copyright PCTI Group 2009 | | Payment Terms in International Trade EXW - Ex works: Title and risk pass to buyer including payment of all transportation and insurance cost from the seller's door. FCA - Free Carrier: Title and risk pass to buyer including transportation and insurance cost when the seller delivers goods cleared for export to the carrier. Seller is obligated to load the goods on the buyer's collecting vehicle; it is the buyer's obligation to receive the seller's arriving vehicle unloaded.

72. © Copyright PCTI Group 2009 | | FAS - Free Alongside Ship : Title and risk pass to buyer including payment of all transportation and insurance cost once delivered alongside ship by the seller. Used for sea or inland waterway transportation. The export clearance obligation rests with the seller. FOB - Free On Board : Title and risk pass to buyer including payment of all transportation and insurance cost once delivered on board the ship by the seller.. CFR - Cost and Freight : Title, risk and insurancecost pass to buyer when delivered on board the ship by seller who pays the transportation,

73. © Copyright PCTI Group 2009 | | CIF - Cost, Insurance and Freight : Title and risk pass to buyer when delivered on board the ship by seller who pays transportation and insurance cost to destination pol?. Used for sea or inland waterway transportation. CPT -Carriage Paid To : Title, risk and insurance cost pass to buyer when delivered to carrier by seller who pays transportation cost to destination. Used for any mode of transportation.

74. © Copyright PCTI Group 2009 | | Transport Documents Shipping bill Bill of lading This document fulfils three functions: 1) A receipt given by the shipping company for goods accepted for carriage by sea from one port to another. 2) A document of title to goods; these will only be released to the importer at the port of discharge against production of a signed original bill of lading. Combined transport document

75. © Copyright PCTI Group 2009 | | 3) A contract of carriage, called contract of affreightment. Combined transport document Airway Bill Parcel post receipt

76. © Copyright PCTI Group 2009 | | Invoices Pro-forma Invoice Commercial Invoice Consular Invoice

77. © Copyright PCTI Group 2009 | | Insurance Policy It is an undertaking given by the insurers promising to pay or secure payment of money as compensation in case the goods under movement or otherwise are subjected to loss, theft, damage etc.

78. © Copyright PCTI Group 2009 | | The exporter must identify the risks involved with the transaction and insure against them. Broadly the main risks are: a) Commercial b) Transportation (usually marine)) e.g. Perils of the sea c) Buyer refusing delivery or not paying

79. © Copyright PCTI Group 2009 | | d) Political, for example, an overnight coup in the country, or government restrictions imposed on foreign exchange transfer e) Interest rate fluctuations, specially in long- term capital projects; and f) Fluctuations in the exchange rate between the exporter's and the customer's currency.

80. © Copyright PCTI Group 2009 | | Bills of Exchange an instrument in writing; an unconditional order signed by the maker (drawee); a direction given to a specific person (drawee); and made payable to a certain person or to his order or bearer.

81. © Copyright PCTI Group 2009 | | Trade Finance Trade finance involves a wide range of financial engineering tools, such as factoring, forfaiting, countertrade, joint ventures and various forms of private and official credit insurance.

82. © Copyright PCTI Group 2009 | | Trade Finance is broadly classified into two categories, namely: I. Pre-shipment finance II. Post-shipement

83. © Copyright PCTI Group 2009 | | Pre-shipment finance is nothing but a working capital finance (mainly inventory finance) extended to an exporter in anticipation of his exporting the goods Basic purpose of extending pre-shipment finance is to enable the eligible exporters to procure/process/ manufacture/warehouse/ship the goods meant for export.

84. © Copyright PCTI Group 2009 | | Post-shipment finance is extended after shipment of the goods to the date of realisation of export proceeds. Post-shipment finance can be classified as under: a) Negotiation/payment/acceptance of export documents under letter of credit (LIC) b) Purchase/discount of export documents c) Advances against export bills sent on collection basis. d) Advances against exports on consignment basis. e) Advances against retention money relating to exports f) Financing of Projects exports and Services exports. g) Advances against deemed exports etc.

85. © Copyright PCTI Group 2009 | | Letter of Credit

86. © Copyright PCTI Group 2009 | | Forfaiting Forfaiting is the purchase of a series of notes, usually bills of exchange, promissory notes, or other freely instruments, on a non-recourse basis. The documents are required by the Forfaiter from the exporter are: 1. Copy of supply contract, or of its payments terms 2.Copy of signed commercial invoice

87. © Copyright PCTI Group 2009 | | 3. Copy of shipping documents including certificates of receipt, railway bill, airway bill, bill of lading or equivalent documents - 4. Letter of assignment and notification to the guarantor 5. Letter of guarantee or aval, the aval is the forfaiters' preferred form of security of payment of a bill or note. The buyer's (importer's) banker's co-acceptance is called avalisation.

88. © Copyright PCTI Group 2009 | | Bankers Acceptances Under the negotiable instruments act,I 881 is - "a bill of exchange is an instrument in writing containing an unconditional order, signed by the maker, directing a certain person to pay a certain sum of money only to, or to the order of, a certain person or to the bearer of the instrument."

89. © Copyright PCTI Group 2009 | | Guarantee/Bond They give a buyer certainty over receiving pre-agreed payments if a supplier fails to meet his contractual obligations. Tender (Bid) Guarantees Performance Bonds Advance Payment Bonds Retention Bonds Customs Guarantees Bill of Lading Indemnities

90. © Copyright PCTI Group 2009 | | COUNTERTRADE Countertrade activities fall into three main categories 1) A means of financing - often where the buyer is short of foreign exchange- with no, or only a partial, exchange of money between the original buyer and the seller; 2) A trading technique aimed, perhaps, at developing a new export market or boosting existing volurnes of export business; 3) A means of balancing trade for either economic or political reasons - this was most frequently the case with the east European countries.

91. © Copyright PCTI Group 2009 | | Project Export Financing Project Export is used for Export of engineering goods on deferred payments Turnkey contracts Overseas civil

92. © Copyright PCTI Group 2009 | | Risk in Project Export Commercial Risk Country Risk Exchange And Interest Rate Risk

93. © Copyright PCTI Group 2009 | | Conditions for Clearance of Project Advance Payment Forex outgo Agency Commission Deferred credit

94. © Copyright PCTI Group 2009 | | Techniques of Financing Export Project The sources for loans can be divided into Commercial lenders Commercial sponsors The sources of project export financing The world Bank and Regional development Banks Govt. Export Financing Commercial Banks