1. Technologies
Waste to Energy
JP Hoffman
Siemens

2. Waste Material Utilization: Reuse, Recycle, Energy Recovery
Agenda
Why WtE?
Before Putting Into Service
Challenges
Opportunities
Risks
Rewards
Lessons Learned
Waste Material Utilization: Reuse, Recycle, Energy Recovery

3. Why Waste-to-Energy? Benefits Reduce U.S. dependence on fossil fuels
Increase energy security
Reduce GHG emissions
Meet future policy emissions controls

4. Environmental Aspects1
Reduction of GHG
Avoided methane emissions from landfills
Avoided CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion
Avoided CO2 emissions from metals production
Water
Use
Discharges
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5. Environmental Aspects
Solid Waste Generation
MSW Waste-to-Energy generation creates a solid waste called ASH
Depending on state and local restrictions, non-hazardous ash may be disposed of in a MSW landfill or recycled for use in roads, parking lots, or daily covering for sanitary landfills

6. Before Putting into Service
Preliminary Requirements1
Applicable Concept and Design
Feedstock management
Design/Build/Operate/Maintain Agreement
Environmental Considerations
Air Emissions Permit
Water Use/Discharge Permit
Environmental Impact Requirement
Regulatory Conformance
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7. Before Putting into Service
Preliminary Requirements1
Siting
Permits
Waste Availability/Supply Commitments
Ash Disposal (landfill) Capacity
Financing Options
Contract Vehicles / PPA / EUL
Incentives & Guarantees
Exploration Expense
Tax Credits
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8. Facing Challenges Public Opposition Technical and Performance Issues
Environmental groups often form opposition against new WtE plants regardless of technology used
Need to understand the impact this may have on permitting process, utility process and financing options
Understand timeline for public notification
Technical and Performance Issues
System must meet performance criteria to remain economically viable
Newer, more experimental systems are risky because they have no demonstrated performance records
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9. Facing Challenges Cost Challenges Waste Stream Supply Issues
Exploration
New Infrastructure
New Generation Plant
Waste Stream Supply Issues
Lack of supply could void any third party guarantee
Funding and Financial Issues
Changes in government contract vehicles and/or restrictions
Lack of seed money for start-up projects
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10. Facing Challenges Scale Issues Lack of Support for Decision Making
Long term growth must be considered when determining applicable size of plant
Smaller scale projects have higher levelized costs of production
Lack of Support for Decision Making
Lack of defined, documented economic, environmental, and technology performance metrics to inform the decision-making process and states’ varying definitions of municipal solid waste, biomass, and WTE

11. New Opportunities ACHIEVE ENERGY MANDATES Provides base-load power
Energy security and availability
Promotes long-term affordable energy prices
Reduces waste stream direct and indirect costs
Tipping fees of disposal
New landfill cell opening fees
Transportation costs
Labor costs
Provides base-load power
Augment on-site intermittent renewable energy generation technologies
Solar and Wind
Unconsumed/overproduced electricity could be sold to the utility
Valuable by-products for use in other areas
Bottom ash
Biogas
Bio-char
Bio-oil

12. Understanding Risks
Under-trained staff performing incorrect operation and maintenance procedures
Improper O&M can cause low production or failure of systems
Energy price escalation
Evolving energy landscape leads to difficulty forecasting energy prices
Utility energy pricing fluctuation based on market conditions
Waste Stream Supply
Intended use of buildings may change over time
Conservation methods may change volume or type of waste stream produced
Training
Start with third party and let them take that risk, have a short term 5 year to protect investment and teach staff

13. Understanding Risks
Changing Emissions Standards/Environmental Legislation
Increasingly stringent emission standards may create future costs to comply if goals are not aggressive enough in design
Plant Equity
Useful life is considered to be 20+ years
Current market estimate at 20+ years

14. Understanding Risks Contract Clarification Funding
Risk Responsibility Matrix
Understanding of scope of supply, limits of liability, liquidated damages, defects liability, periods, intellectual property, interface agreements and financial projections/guarantees prior to signing contracts
Funding
High capital costs for Waste-to-Energy plant
Construction costs based on specific time period, if completion is delayed, damages may accumulate

15. Earning Rewards Increased energy security and energy savings
May allow installation to increase and change mission objectives, diverting energy spend for other uses
Prestige associated with achievement of energy goals
Plants are eligible for REC credits that may be sold to other energy users to offset carbon footprint and provide additional funding for the installation
As technologies are used and refined, the next generation becomes less expensive and more efficient

16. Lessons Learned Market Project Team
Look for projects with financial incentives, skilled workforces, adequate transmission and abundant input source
Project Team
Create a team with decision makers, compliance officers, financial experts and appropriate engineering staff
Find common goals and determine generation misconceptions early to prevent unnecessary roadblocks during negotiations

17. Lessons Learned Project Schedule Site Considerations
Projects that are shovel ready can better adapt to changing conditions
Understand the environmental regulations required prior to committing to a schedule, certain studies can only be performed during specific intervals within the year
Site Considerations
Clearly defining the level of priority for project development and creating master site and energy plans can help resolve any land-use conflicts existing at potential sites

18. Lessons Learned Utility Regulations as Barriers O&M is Key for Success
Interconnection, net-metering
O&M is Key for Success
Improper maintenance reduces system efficiency and threatens the useful life of equipment.
Training
Required interval training and proper documentation
Feedstock management

19. Questions?