1. Rate of Return Analysis

2. Introduction
Rate of Return is the rate of interest at which the benefits are equivalent to the cost.
ROR analysis is the most frequently used method in industry, as the resulting ROR is readily understood.
The difficulties in selecting a suitable interest rate to used in present worth and annual worth analysis is avoided.

4. Rate of Return Example: Vincent Gogh’s painting “Irises”
Definition: A relative percentage method which measures the yield as a percentage of investment over the life of a project
Example: Vincent Gogh’s painting “Irises”
John Whitney Payson bought the art at $80,000.
John sold the art at $53.9 million in 40 years later.
What is the rate of return on John’s investment?

5. Rate of Return Given: P =$80,000, F = $53.9M, and N = 40 years Find: i
Solution:
$53.9M 40
$80,000

6. Meaning of Rate of Return
In 1970, when Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. went public, an investment of 100 shares cost $1,650. That investment would have been worth $13,312,000 on January 31, 2000.
What is the rate of return on that investment?

7. Solution: Given: P = $1,650 F = $13,312,000 N = 30 Find i:30
$1,650
Given: P = $1,650
F = $13,312,000
N = 30
Find i:
$13,312,000 = $1,650 (1 + i )30
i = 34.97%
Rate of Return

8. Suppose that you invested that amount ($1,650) in a savings account at 6% per year. Then, you could have only $9,477 on January, 2000.
What is the meaning of this 6% interest here?
This is your opportunity cost if putting money in savings account was the best you can do at that time!

9. So, in 1970, as long as you earn more than 6% interest in another investment, you will take that investment.
Therefore, that 6% is viewed as a minimum attractive rate of return (or required rate of return).
So, you can apply the following decision rule, to see if the proposed investment is a good one.
ROR > MARR

10. Why ROR measure is so popular?
This project will bring in a 15% rate of return on
investment.
This project will result in a net surplus of $10,000 in NPV.
Which statement is easier to understand?

11. Calculating ROR
PW of benefit = PW of cost
PW of benefit - PW of cost = 0
NPW = 0
PW of benefit/ PW of cost = 1
EUAB – EUAC = 0

12. Example
An $ 8200 investment returned $ 2000 per year over a five year useful life. What was the rate of return on the investment?
Given the cash flow below, calculate rate of return.
Year
Cash flow 1 2 3 4 5
-$100
+$20
+$30
+$40

13. ROR Calculation For Double Alternatives
When there are two alternatives, ROR analysis is performed by computing the incremental ROR -ΔROR- on the difference between the alternatives.
To decide ho w to proceed, the calculated ROR (internal rate of return) is compared with a preselected minimum attractive rate of return, MARR.
This is the same value of i used for PW and AW analysis.

14. The Minimum Attractive Rate of Return (MARR)
The MARR is a minimum return the company will accept on the money it invests
The MARR is usually calculated by financial analysts in the company and provided to those who evaluate projects
The value of MARR depends on : cost of borrowed money, cost of capital and opportunity cost (choose the highest one)

15. Increment of investment :
Guidance
Increment of investment :
If ΔROR ≥ MARR, choose the higher cost alternative.
If ΔROR < MARR, choose the lower cost alternative.
Increment of borrowing :
If ΔROR ≤ MARB, the increment is acceptable
If ΔROR > MARB, the increment is not acceptable

16. Incremental Rate of Return Analysis
PWB = A (P/A, 6%, 20) = A (11.47)
MARR = 6% (given)
All projects are initially acceptable because IRR < MARR

17. Incremental Analysis 1. Rank from lowest cost to highest cost 2
Incremental Analysis 1. Rank from lowest cost to highest cost 2. Start with two lowest cost alternatives 3. Compare increments using MARR criteria 4. Repeat until a “winner” is determined

18. Example Which one would you select, if the MARR is 6%.
A manufacturer of boy’s pants is considering purchasing a new sewing machine. Determine which machine should be selected if the MARR is 10% per year.
Year
Alt 1
Alt 2 1
-$10
+$15
-$20
+$28
Semiautomatic
Fully automatic
Initial cost
Annual benefit SV
Useful life,years
$200
$95
$50 6
$700
$120
$150 12

19. Perbandingan antara Metode NPV dan IRR
Apabila ada satu proyek yang independen maka NPV dan IRR akan selalu memberikan rekomendasi yang sama untuk menerima atau menolak usulan proyek tersebut.
Tapi apabila ada proyek2 yang mutually exclusive, NPV dan IRR tidak selalu memberikan rekomendasi yg sama.
Ini disebabkan oleh dua kondisi:
Ukuran proyek berbeda. Yg satu lebih besar daripada yg lain
Perbedaan waktu. Waktu dari aliran kas dari dua proyek berbeda. Satu proyek aliran kasnya terjadi pada tahun2 awal sementara yg proyek yg lain aliran kasnya terjadi pada tahun2 akhir
Intinya: untuk proyek2 yg mutually exclusive, pilih proyek dengan NPV yang tertinggi.

20. Choosing an Analysis Method
Depends
More
For comparison
ROR
Less
Required for calculation AW PW
Explanation
Computations*
MARR
Method
*Not an issue when using a spreadsheet.
Do what the Organization requires. Occasionally augment with alternate methods where the method adds beneficial information.