1. China: From Mao to Now Mao Zedong VS Deng Xiaoping?
Is the China that emerged in the 1990s the type of China that Mao Zedong had envisioned and worked toward?
To what extent did Deng Xiaoping’s policies and crackdowns change China?
How are communism and capitalism existing side by side in China today?

2. Background to Deng Xiao Ping
Participated in the Long March with Mao
Rose to power in the CCP as the general secretary
Views on economics differed from Mao
Mao = egalitarian, Deng = focused on economic development
During the failure of the Great Leap Forward, Deng suggested allowing privatization of farms to increase food production (Lenin’s NEP?)
Survives all of Mao’s purges
Deng utilized free market to revive the economy from GLF
Back to politics in 1973 with the help of Zhou Enlai
1978 becomes the Chairman of the PLA (People’s Liberation Army) – key to controlling China
He is 74 years old at the time!!!
Deng was punished for being too capitalist – forced to wear a dunce cap, forced to wait tables for CCP

3. Deng Xiao Ping’s Ideologies
"better to be poor under socialism than rich under capitalism." (adage of Cultural Revolution)
(“De-Maoization”)
Against the Cultural Revolution – 1979 declared a major setback
Four Modernizations :industry, agriculture, science and technology, and national defence
Deng’s policies were more practical and responsive to the economic times – willing to alter communist ideologies for what’s best for the country
“a cat that catches mice is a good cat, whether white or black”
A policy of material gain as the goal
Not as concerned with political change/ revolution
Unwilling to release control over the people
Deng was part of the Long March

4. Deng Xiao Ping’s Successes
Education:
Tries to reverse the “uneducation” of the Cultural Revolution
encourages studying abroad
intellectuals sent to the farms during the Cultural Revolution, Hundred Flowers and Great Leap Forward were allowed to reunite with their families
Promotes learning in universities and scientific research
*studied in France in his 20s
Deng was part of the Long March

5. Deng Xiao Ping’s Successes
Economics
Farmers were allowed to produce more food on their own initiative
Private ownership is allowed
Borrowed from foreign states to boost infrastructure (failure?)
1979 Special Economic Zones instead of borrowing money
First four cities Shenzen, Zhuhai, Shantou, Xiamen near HK and Taiwan were given administrative independence and legal freedom to conduct foreign trade
Deng was part of the Long March

7. Special Economic Zones
Special tax incentive for foreign investment in the SEZs
Greater independence is provided for International trade activities
Products are primarily export oriented
Market driven economic activity
Attracts and utilizes foreign capital
Means to China’s booming manufacturing industry flowing through these zones

8. Deng Xiaoping’s Successes
1984 successful negotiation to return Hong Kong to the Chinese
Agreed that HK would be returned to China in assurance that it would keep its economic and social systems
Leads to mass emigration (a lot to Richmond) in fears of the changeover – 80’s and 90’s
HK acts like a SEZ
Instead of China bringing down HK, it seems that the success in HK has become a model for China to follow

9. Deng Xiao Ping’s Successes
Tenure was abolished and many made way for more qualified people to take government positions
1984 revives China to a point that it is self sufficient on food
1984 successful negotiation to return Hong Kong to the Chinese
Mao re-unified China, Deng pushed its economy forward
Deng was part of the Long March

10. Success or Failure? One Child Policy 1979
1980 China has 1 billion people
Began as a temporary measure but lasts to today and will continue (reassessment in 2010)
Has been limited to urban populations
Fines, pressures to abort a pregnancy, and forced sterilization accompanied second or subsequent pregnancies

12. Effects of One Child Policy
Caused a disdain for female babies
abortion, neglect, abandonment, and even infanticide
114 males for every 100 females (world average is 105:100)
“Little Emperor Syndrome” of spoiled only children
Estimated to have lowered the population by 300 million
80’s generation now of childbearing age and are allowed to have two per couple (if you don’t have siblings)

13. Deng Xiao Ping’s failures
Continued to purge any threats to the CCP – 1978 and 1986 puts down democratic demonstrations
No protests (Tiananmen Square)
1979 border war with Vietnam
1979 failure to revive a relationship with Russia
Didn’t want years of revolution to go to waste – therefore continued to push for dictatorship, not democracy

14. Tiananmen Square Massacre 1989
Leaders of the 1986 demonstration were painted as hooligans and were misleading other students
Hu Yaobing (General Secretary) had been tolerant of student demonstrations and dies in 1989
Students gather to mourn Hu’s death

17. Tiananmen Square Massacre
Renmin ribao (People's daily) editorial (printed April 26, 1989)
“In their activities to mourn the death of Comrade Hu Yaobang, communists, workers, peasants, intellectuals, cadres, members of the People's Liberation Army and young students have expressed their grief in various ways. They have also expressed their determination to turn grief into strength to make contributions in realizing the four modernizations and invigorating the Chinese nation.
Some abnormal phenomena have also occurred during the mourning activities. Taking advantage of the situation, an extremely small number of people spread rumors, attacked party and state leaders by name, and instigated the masses to break into the Xinhua Gate at Zhongnanhai, where the party Central Committee and the State Council are located. Some people even shouted such reactionary slogans as, Down with the Communist Party. In Xi'an and Changsha, there have been serious incidents in which some lawbreakers carried out beating, smashing, looting, and burning.”

18. Tiananmen Square Massacre
The next day students from over 40 universities plus pro-democracy demonstrated began protests (April 26- June 4, 1989) – about 100,000
Becomes a protest against the government (removal of Deng Xiaoping)
May 13 students begin a hunger strike
May 20 martial law is declared but demonstrations continued

19. Tiananmen Square Massacre
After about two weeks of deliberation, the PLA is sent in to end the demonstration June 3-4
Killed hundreds, injuring 10,000 as students tried to block the tanks
Students shot or run over with tanks
Afterwards, trials and executions were conducted
Foreign press is banned
Chinese are quiet about the issue to this day
Tank man’s fate is unknown – killed? Hiding in China/Taiwan?

20. China today Considered Communist but acts Capitalist
“Free” market (still subject to what the government thinks is best for the country)
Better definition may be that it is a socialist country (healthcare)
Government structure is still communist and there is only one party
No cult dictatorship like Mao
2007 second largest GDP in the world (next to US)

21. Assignment:
Read pp 332 – 337
Construct a “T” chart comparing Mao and Deng in terms of:
Assumptions/ Priorities
Methods/ Policies
Complete Quote worksheet

22. Tank Man