1. Hanadi Mirza hanadym@hotmail.com
Read Properly Alone
Since Grade ONE
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2. Hanadi Mirza hanadym@hotmail.com
ENGLISH
A GERMANIC LANGUAGE
English is a West Germanic language related to Dutch,
Frisian and German with a significant amount of
vocabulary from French, Latin, Greek and many other
languages.
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4. Hanadi Mirza hanadym@hotmail.com
EVOLUTION OF ENGLISH
English evolved from the Germanic languages brought
to Britain by the Angles, Saxons, Jutes and other
Germanic tribes, which are known collectively as
Anglo-Saxon.
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ENGLISH PERIODS
Old English
Middle English
Early Modern English
Modern English
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OLD ENGLISH
The invaders' Germanic language displaced the
indigenous Brythonic languages of what became
England. The original Celtic languages remained in
Scotland, Wales and Cornwall. Old English began to
appear in writing during the early 8th century AD.
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MIDDLE ENGLISH
For about 300 years following the Norman
Conquest in 1066, the Norman kings and their
high nobility spoke only one of the langues d'oïl
called Anglo-Norman.
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EARLY MODERN ENGLISH
Modern English is often dated from the Great Vowel Shift, which took place mainly during the 15th century. English was further transformed by thespread of a standardized London-based dialect in government and administration and by the standardizing effect of printing.
The Great Vowel Shift was a massive sound change affecting the long vowels of English during the 15th to 18th centuries. Basically, the long vowels shifted upwards; that is, a vowel that used to be pronounced in one place in the mouth would be pronounced in a different place, higher up in the mouth.
The change was not overnight; the GVS happened in eight steps.
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9. Hanadi Mirza hanadym@hotmail.com
LOANWORDS
Latin: cheese, kitchen, pepper, butter
Greek: drama, metaphor, dilemma, cycle
Celtic: slogan, whiskey
Scandinavian: sky, scrub, skin, skill, skirt, score
Spanish & Portuguese: cargo, negro, palmetto, cocoa, potato, tomato, margarita, siesta
Italian: concerto, forte, crescendo, piano, incognito, mafioso, casino, macaroni, spaghetti, cartoon, replica
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10. LOANWORDS (continued)
French: prince, Duke, lieutenant, captain, army, soldier, letter, literature, music, male, fruit, question, étiquette, fiance’(e), liaison, laissez faire, savoir vivre, répertoire, vignette, tête-a-tête, coup d’état, police
German: split, yacht, cookie, cranberry, hamburger
Eastern Sources:
amber, zenith, harem, caliber, carat, henna, jinn, giraffe, magazine, kohl, algebra,
musk, taffeta, tiger, ginger, bamboo, geisha
Other Sources: banana, voodoo, coffee, vodka
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11. Hanadi Mirza hanadym@hotmail.com
WHO SPEAKS ENGLISH?
Approximately 341 million people speak English as a
native anguage and a further 267 million speak it as a
second anguage in over 104 countries including the UK,
Ireland, USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South
Africa, American Samoa, Andorra, Anguilla, Antigua
and Barbuda, Aruba, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize,
Bermuda, Botswana, British Indian Ocean Territory,
British Virgin Islands, Brunei, Cameroon, Canada,
Cayman Islands, Cook Islands and Denmark.
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PHONETICS
THE SOUNDS OF LANGUAGE
How do humans produce different sounds?
(Oral Cavity)
Kinds of English Sounds
(Table of English Sounds)
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Oral
Cavity
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ENGLISH SOUNDS
PLACE OF ARTICULATION
LABIAL
DENTAL
PALATOVELAR
Bilabial
Labiodental
Interdental
Aleveolar
Aleveolopalatal
Palatal
Velar
Stops
voiceless p t
voiced b d
Fricates f
ө (thigh) s
š (shun) v
ð (thy) z
ž (vision)
Affricates
č (chum)
ĵ (gem)
Nasals m n
ŋ (sing)
liquids:
lateral l
retroflex r
Semivowels y w
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Schwa
[ ə ]
[euh] sound or Arabic “hamza”
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Spelling vs. [Pronunciation]
Psychology (ps--) [saykolədjy]
Pneumonia (pn--) [nəmonia]
Climbing, comb, lamb, bomb (--mb)  [klayming], [kom], [lèm], [bám]
Calm, Palm (--l m) [kám] , [pám]
Folk , Folktale (-- l k)  [fok] , [fokteyl]
Vegetable [ve dj təbl]
Comfortable [kámftəbl]
Government (nm) [gavərmənt]
Suggest, Suggestion [sag djəst], [sagdjəstshən]
People, Apple [pypəl], [ápəl]
Sensual , Sensuality [sənshəwəl] , [sənshəwality]
Nation, Nationality [neyshən], [nashənality]
Social , Beautiful [soshəl] , [byurəfəl]
Original but Originally [oridjinəl] but [oridjənly]
Actually [aktshəly]
Say but Says [sey] but [sèz] I
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17. Spelling vs. [Pronunciation] (continued)
Determine but Mine [ditərmən] but [mayn]
Examine→ [əgzámin]
Seduce but Seduction [sidýous] but [sidakshən]
Appreciate [aprishiyeyt]
Result, Adult → [rizált] , [ədált]
World, Work, Word, War [wərld], [wərk], [wərd], [wor]
July, Major [djoulay] , [meydjər]
Children, Church [tshildrən], [tshərtsh]
Pleasure , Pleasurable bur Leisure [plejər] , [plejrəbl] / [lyjər]
Write/Written, Hide/Hidden  [rayt] / [ritən] , [hayd] /[hidən]
Teacher [tytshər]
Doctor, Dollars [daktər] , [dálərz]
Cat, Cup, Color: (c)  [k] [Kat] , [Kap] , [kalər]
Circus, Ceremony: (c)  [s] [sərkəs] , [sərəmony]
Gallery, Go, Gut: (g)  [g] [galəry] , [go] , [gat]
Giraffe, Generous: (g)  [dj] [djiraf] , [djənərəs]
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18. Hanadi Mirza hanadym@hotmail.com
(continued)
The + any letter EXCEPT (a/e/i/o/u) →[oﺫ] never [za]
Although , Thunder, Thumb→ [olﺫ o] , [thándər] , [thám]
Thank You [thánk] Never [sank] You
The +a pple/ e lephant/ i sland/ o range/ u mbrella→ [ﺫﻱ ] never [oﺫ] nor [zi]
The + eu ropean, u nited the+[you] (as 1st sound) [oﺫ] NOT [za]
Use the [yous] but I/you [youz]
Process but processes → [prósəs] but [prosəsyz]
Woman but women → [woumən] but [wymin]
Police , Policeman [polys] .[polysmən]
Symptom→ (--m p) [simtəm]
Wanted / Added / Promised / Grinned
[wantid] , [ádid] , [promist] , [grind]
Battles, Flags / Groups, Mats Kisses, Churches,—>
[bátəlz] , [flágz] / [groups] , [máts] / [kisəz] , [tshərtshəz]
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19. Hanadi Mirza hanadym@hotmail.com
VOICED & VOICELESS
SOUNDS
Past Tense of Regular Verbs
(-ed)  [- id] , [-t] , or [-d] ?
[-t] & [-d] + [-id] / Vd + [-d] / vl + [-t]
Created , Needed / Proved / Fixed
Plural Form of Nouns
(-s)  [-z] or [-s] or [-əz] ?
vd + [-z] / vl + [-s] / -ch, -sh, -ss, -x + [-əz]
Boys, girls / cats, lin ks / classes, foxes
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20. IMPORTANCE OF PHONETICS
Spelling  Writing
Pronunciation  Speaking
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INTONATION
Stress (eg. Su’bject,/ to subje’ct, pro’ject / to proje’ct, orga’nic adu’lt)
Question OR Statement? (Rising OR Falling Tone?)
(You are coming with us tonight)
Breathing Affects Meaning
Stop at Each End Mark (.) (!) (?)
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22. INTONATION MAKES MEANING
1. Old men and women will be served first.
2. The lamb is too hot to eat.
3. They are moving sidewalks.
4. Mary left directions for Jack to follow.
5. Kissing girls is what John likes best.
6. John loves Richard more than Mary.
7. Women without men are nothing.
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23. Hanadi Mirza hanadym@hotmail.com
FLUENCY VS. ACCURACY
LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY
Productive Skills
WRITING Spelling, Fluency, Accuracy
SPEAKING Pronunciation, Fluency, Accuracy
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24. Hanadi Mirza hanadym@hotmail.com
POOR PRONUNCIATION
1. Za boy playid foutbal wiz hiz brazar hwen hi tripd and fel on za flar. Hiz bryzing waz nyzar natshural nor kalm. Hiz sistar cold he’r mazar to fone za polis. Hiz frendz gazer around him bicoz zey ke’r.
2.za ge’rl waz kambing zi he’r of he’r dol and zan shi ryd a folekteyl.
3. Many pypol want to ripe’r ze’r carz and cut ze’r he’r.
4. Its not fe’r not to ke’r.
5. Jon iz nown to be a spashal and fortshunayt pe’rsOn. Actshuwaly, hi haz byn vary orijinal in dyling wiz wiman and shildran.
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25. Hanadi Mirza hanadym@hotmail.com
PHONETICS ONLINE
The Sounds of Language
Studying Phonetics on the Net
Cambridge English Online (British Council)
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26. Hanadi Mirza hanadym@hotmail.com
When There Is a Will,
You Already Know the Way 
Hanadi Mirza