1. Behavioral Research in Auditing 2012 AAA Auditing Doctoral Consortium E. Michael Bamber J.M. Tull School of Accounting The University of Georgia

2. Outline  Perspective: 1999 vs. 2011  Publishing BAuR  Sources of research questions Examples  Methodology issues

3. Publishing Trends - Numbers 19992011% Increase The Accounting Review # of Papers2273232 # of Auditing Papers7929 # of Behavioral Auditing Papers330 Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory # of Papers # of Auditing Papers # of Behavioral Auditing Papers

4. Publishing Trends - Numbers 19992010% Increase The Accounting Review # of Papers2272227 # of Auditing Papers715114 # of Behavioral Auditing Papers37133 Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory # of Papers # of Auditing Papers # of Behavioral Auditing Papers

5. Publishing Trends - Numbers 19992011% Increase The Accounting Review # of Papers2273232 # of Auditing Papers7929 # of Behavioral Auditing Papers330 Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory # of Papers1743153 # of Auditing Papers1743153 # of Behavioral Auditing Papers821163

6. Publishing Trends - Numbers 19992011% Increase The Accounting Review # of Papers2273232 # of Auditing Papers7929 # of Behavioral Auditing Papers330 Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory # of Papers1743153 # of Auditing Papers1743153 # of Behavioral Auditing Papers821163 Consortium Participants386571

7. Publishing Trends - Topics TitleYearJournal The Audit Risk Model, Business Risk and Audit-Planning Decisions The Audit Review Process and Sensitivity to Information Source Objectivity How Partners’ Views Influence Auditor Judgment Risk-Based Auditing, Strategic Prompts, and Auditor Sensitivity to the Strategic Risk of Fraud How a Systems Perspective Improves Knowledge Acquisition and Performance in Analytical Procedures The Role of Problem Representation Shifts on Auditor Decision Processes The Effects of Fee Pressure and Client Risk on Audit Seniors’ Time Budget Decisions Does Time Constraint Lead to Poorer Audit Performance: Effects of Forewarning of Impending Time Constraints and Instructions

8. Publishing Trends - Topics TitleYearJournal The Audit Risk Model, Business Risk and Audit-Planning Decisions 1999TAR The Audit Review Process and Sensitivity to Information Source Objectivity How Partners’ Views Influence Auditor Judgment Risk-Based Auditing, Strategic Prompts, and Auditor Sensitivity to the Strategic Risk of Fraud How a Systems Perspective Improves Knowledge Acquisition and Performance in Analytical Procedures The Role of Problem Representation Shifts on Auditor Decision Processes The Effects of Fee Pressure and Client Risk on Audit Seniors’ Time Budget Decisions Does Time Constraint Lead to Poorer Audit Performance: Effects of Forewarning of Impending Time Constraints and Instructions

9. Publishing Trends - Topics TitleYearJournal The Audit Risk Model, Business Risk and Audit-Planning Decisions 1999TAR The Audit Review Process and Sensitivity to Information Source Objectivity 1999AJPT How Partners’ Views Influence Auditor Judgment Risk-Based Auditing, Strategic Prompts, and Auditor Sensitivity to the Strategic Risk of Fraud How a Systems Perspective Improves Knowledge Acquisition and Performance in Analytical Procedures The Role of Problem Representation Shifts on Auditor Decision Processes The Effects of Fee Pressure and Client Risk on Audit Seniors’ Time Budget Decisions Does Time Constraint Lead to Poorer Audit Performance: Effects of Forewarning of Impending Time Constraints and Instructions

10. Publishing Trends - Topics TitleYearJournal The Audit Risk Model, Business Risk and Audit-Planning Decisions 1999TAR The Audit Review Process and Sensitivity to Information Source Objectivity 1999AJPT How Partners’ Views Influence Auditor Judgment 2011AJPT Risk-Based Auditing, Strategic Prompts, and Auditor Sensitivity to the Strategic Risk of Fraud How a Systems Perspective Improves Knowledge Acquisition and Performance in Analytical Procedures The Role of Problem Representation Shifts on Auditor Decision Processes The Effects of Fee Pressure and Client Risk on Audit Seniors’ Time Budget Decisions Does Time Constraint Lead to Poorer Audit Performance: Effects of Forewarning of Impending Time Constraints and Instructions

11. Publishing Trends - Topics TitleYearJournal The Audit Risk Model, Business Risk and Audit-Planning Decisions 1999TAR The Audit Review Process and Sensitivity to Information Source Objectivity 1999AJPT How Partners’ Views Influence Auditor Judgment 2011AJPT Risk-Based Auditing, Strategic Prompts, and Auditor Sensitivity to the Strategic Risk of Fraud 2011TAR How a Systems Perspective Improves Knowledge Acquisition and Performance in Analytical Procedures The Role of Problem Representation Shifts on Auditor Decision Processes The Effects of Fee Pressure and Client Risk on Audit Seniors’ Time Budget Decisions Does Time Constraint Lead to Poorer Audit Performance: Effects of Forewarning of Impending Time Constraints and Instructions

12. Publishing Trends - Topics TitleYearJournal The Audit Risk Model, Business Risk and Audit-Planning Decisions 1999TAR The Audit Review Process and Sensitivity to Information Source Objectivity 1999AJPT How Partners’ Views Influence Auditor Judgment 2011AJPT Risk-Based Auditing, Strategic Prompts, and Auditor Sensitivity to the Strategic Risk of Fraud 2011TAR How a Systems Perspective Improves Knowledge Acquisition and Performance in Analytical Procedures 2011TAR The Role of Problem Representation Shifts on Auditor Decision Processes The Effects of Fee Pressure and Client Risk on Audit Seniors’ Time Budget Decisions Does Time Constraint Lead to Poorer Audit Performance: Effects of Forewarning of Impending Time Constraints and Instructions

13. Publishing Trends - Topics TitleYearJournal The Audit Risk Model, Business Risk and Audit-Planning Decisions 1999TAR The Audit Review Process and Sensitivity to Information Source Objectivity 1999AJPT How Partners’ Views Influence Auditor Judgment 2011AJPT Risk-Based Auditing, Strategic Prompts, and Auditor Sensitivity to the Strategic Risk of Fraud 2011TAR How a Systems Perspective Improves Knowledge Acquisition and Performance in Analytical Procedures 2011TAR The Role of Problem Representation Shifts on Auditor Decision Processes 1999AJPT The Effects of Fee Pressure and Client Risk on Audit Seniors’ Time Budget Decisions Does Time Constraint Lead to Poorer Audit Performance: Effects of Forewarning of Impending Time Constraints and Instructions

14. Publishing Trends - Topics TitleYearJournal The Audit Risk Model, Business Risk and Audit-Planning Decisions 1999TAR The Audit Review Process and Sensitivity to Information Source Objectivity 1999AJPT How Partners’ Views Influence Auditor Judgment 2011AJPT Risk-Based Auditing, Strategic Prompts, and Auditor Sensitivity to the Strategic Risk of Fraud 2011TAR How a Systems Perspective Improves Knowledge Acquisition and Performance in Analytical Procedures 2011TAR The Role of Problem Representation Shifts on Auditor Decision Processes 1999AJPT The Effects of Fee Pressure and Client Risk on Audit Seniors’ Time Budget Decisions 1999AJPT Does Time Constraint Lead to Poorer Audit Performance: Effects of Forewarning of Impending Time Constraints and Instructions

15. Publishing Trends - Topics TitleYearJournal The Audit Risk Model, Business Risk and Audit-Planning Decisions 1999TAR The Audit Review Process and Sensitivity to Information Source Objectivity 1999AJPT How Partners’ Views Influence Auditor Judgment 2011AJPT Risk-Based Auditing, Strategic Prompts, and Auditor Sensitivity to the Strategic Risk of Fraud 2011TAR How a Systems Perspective Improves Knowledge Acquisition and Performance in Analytical Procedures 2011TAR The Role of Problem Representation Shifts on Auditor Decision Processes 1999AJPT The Effects of Fee Pressure and Client Risk on Audit Seniors’ Time Budget Decisions 1999AJPT Does Time Constraint Lead to Poorer Audit Performance: Effects of Forewarning of Impending Time Constraints and Instructions 2011AJPT

16. Publishing Trends – TAR 2011  “The Effect of Using the Internal Audit Function as a Management Training Ground on the External Auditor’s Reliance Decisions,” W. F. Messier, Jr., J. K. Reynolds, C. A. Simon, and D. A. Wood (November 2011)  “Risk-Based Auditing, Strategic Prompts, and Auditor Sensitivity to the Strategic Risk of Fraud,” K. Bowlin (July 2011)  “How a Systems Perspective Improves Knowledge Acquisition and Performance in Analytical Procedures,” B. E. Brewster (May 2011)

17. A Publishable Paper Provides Insights That Are:  New – Cause belief revision  Interesting – Belief revision is consequential  True  Clear

18. Deciding on a Topic  Prior literature  Innovations in practice  Psychology theory

19. Prior Literature  Critically evaluate prior research (Sources: SSRN, Web of Science, AAA and conference websites) What is the question? What is the research method? What is the punchline? Critique. What would we still like to know?

20. Prior Literature  Build a framework How do the prior papers fit together? Distill stylized facts: What do we think we know? Identify research opportunities: What would we like to know?  Rely on others Existing literature reviews and frameworks Calls for research

21. Prior Literature - Examples  Nelson, M. 2009. A model and literature review of professional skepticism in auditing. Auditing: A Journal of Practice and Theory 28(2): 1-34. Framework for classifying failures in professional skepticism (PS): More important antecedents? Definition of PS: Presumptive doubt?  Influence of traits and incentives? “Justifiable inefficiencies”  Incentives to avoid? Interventions to highlight and reward?

22. Prior Literature - Examples  Hammersley, J. S. 2011. A Review and Model of Auditor Judgments in Fraud- Related Planning Tasks. Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory 30(4): 102- 128 Fraud knowledge obtained primarily from training rather than experience Antecedents to effectively perform fraud related tasks? Conditions under which auditors do/do not respond to risk?

23. Prior Literature – Calls for Research  AJPT Special Calls (The Auditor’s Report Fall 2011) Conservatism in auditing Research on environmental assurance and auditing Qualitative studies in auditing Audit market structure, competition, and audit quality

24. Innovations in Practice  Carefully read and analyze the practice literature (Sources: AICPA, PCAOB, SEC, Accounting firms) One-on-one communications  Distill state of practice: Where would the profession like to be?  Identify research opportunities: Improve practice? E.g., Carpenter, T. 2007. Audit team brainstorming, fraud risk identification, and fraud risk assessment: Implications of SAS No. 99. The Accounting Review 82 (5): 1119-1140. Messier, W.F., T.M. Kozloski, and N. Kochetova-Kozloski. 2010. An analysis of SEC and PCAOB enforcement actions against engagement quality reviewers. Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory 29(2): 232-252.

25. Innovations in Practice - Examples  PCAOB Standards New  Risk Assessment Standards AS Nos. 8-15 Proposed  Communications with Audit Committees (Comment period open) Future  The Auditors’ Reporting Model (Issue proposed standard in 2012)  Auditor Independence, Objectivity, and Professional Skepticism (2012 Agenda)

26. Innovations in Practice - Examples  PCAOB Inspection Reports Report on Observations of PCAOB Inspectors Related to Audit Risk Areas Affected by the Economic Crisis (Sept. 2010)  Fair value assumptions – failure to test beyond inquiry of management  Fair values – failure to reconcile inconsistencies between management and third party estimates  Revenue recognition - failure to respond to specific risks, including risk of fraud

27. Innovations in Practice  Approach: Why/What? Process Antecedents and Outcomes Interventions

28. Psych Theory  Coursework, esp. non-accounting  Read the literature, esp. literature reviews and seminal papers Citation searches for most recent work  Examples Wilks, T. J. 2002. Predecisional distortion of evidence as a consequence of real-time audit review. The Accounting Review 77(1):51-72 Organizational Identity Theory, Small Group Theory, Social Identity Theory, Construal Level Theory

29. Developing the Topic  Goal: a publishable paper  Consequential belief revision in behavioral auditing will likely require integration of all three: Prior auditing literature – New – moving literature forward Practice – Interesting – others care about the topic Theory – New and Interesting – results are generalizable/consequential

30. Methodology – True  “The Effect of Using the Internal Audit Function as a Management Training Ground on the External Auditor’s Reliance Decisions” Archival analysis and behavioral experiment 1 X 3 Design Norwegian auditors  “Risk-Based Auditing, Strategic Prompts, and Auditor Sensitivity to the Strategic Risk of Fraud” Audit game based on experimental economics 2 X 2 X 2 mixed design Students  “How a Systems Perspective Improves Knowledge Acquisition and Performance in Analytical Procedures” Several techniques to develop participants’ mental models 2 X 2 between-subject design Students

31. Methodology – True  Straightforward designs 1X3, 2X2X2, 2X2 Facilitates interpretation of results and internal and external validity Randomization vs. control  Messier et al. 8 control variables in unexpected audit fee model vs. 1X3 experiment  Something novel Messier et al. – archival and experimental components Bowlin – experimental economics game Brewster – develop mental models

32. Methodology – True  Participants The big issue, cycles Local vs. national Students  Experimental economics game – accepted  Justification in other experiments: Lynch, A. L., U. S. Murthy, and T. J. Engle. 2009. Fraud brainstorming using computer-mediated communication: The effects of brainstorming technique and facilitation. The Accounting Review 84(4): 1209- 1232 Brewster, B. E. 2011. “How a Systems Perspective Improves Knowledge Acquisition and Performance in Analytical Procedures,” B. E. Brewster. The Accounting Review 86(3): 915-943

33. Conclusion  Publishable topics? Yes, more than ever (SOX, PCAOB standards agenda & inspection reports)  Journal interest? Yes, in select journals (TAR, AJPT, CAR, AOS) Top tier  Publishable paper? New, interesting, true, and clear  Importance of topic selection process