Experience of Empire: Eighteenth-Century America 1680‒1763

Experience of Empire: Eighteenth-Century America 1680‒1763
4 Experience of Empire: Eighteenth-Century America 1680‒1763

Experience of Empire: Eighteenth-Century America, 1680‒1763
4.1 Tensions in the Backcountry What difficulties did Native Americans face in maintaining their cultural independence on the frontiers of English and Spanish settlement? The Impact of European Ideas on American Culture How did European ideas affect eighteenth-century American life? 4.2

Religious Revivals in Provincial Societies How did the Great Awakening transform the religious culture of colonial America? Clash of Political Cultures Why were eighteenth-century colonial assemblies not fully democratic? 4.3 4.4

Century of Imperial War Why did colonial Americans support Great Britain's wars against France? 4.5

Video Series: Key Topics in U.S. History
Great Britain’s Empire in North America: 1713‒1763 Scots-Irish Migration The First Great Awakening Seven Years’ War Home

Constructing an Anglo-American Identity: The Journal of William Byrd
Eighteenth-century backcountry Many cultures, independent families Older Atlantic settlements Growing populations Many immigrants and slaves arrived Less isolated from one another Eighteenth-century colonists powerfully attracted to Great Britain Lecture Outline: Eighteenth-century backcountry Many cultures, independent families Older Atlantic settlements Growing populations Many immigrants and slaves arrived Less isolated from one another Eighteenth-century colonists powerfully attracted to Great Britain Political, commercial, and military links brought colonists into more contact with Britain Within expanding, prosperous empire, they began to consider what it meant to be American Home

Tensions in the Backcountry
Scots-Irish Flee English Oppression Germans Search for a Better Life Native Americans Stake Out a Middle Ground Conquering New Spain’s Northern Frontier Peoples of the Spanish Borderlands Learning Objective: What difficulties did Native Americans face in maintaining their cultural independence on the frontiers of England and Spanish settlement? Home

1700– colonial population rose From 250,000 to over 2 million Backcountry Inland area Complex society Spanish borderlands - multicultural Southwest California Florida Lecture Outline: 1700– colonial population rose From 250,000 to over 2 million Much growth through natural increase Large influx of non-English Europeans Most wanted land and to become farmers Often traveled to backcountry Backcountry Inland area 800 miles along Appalachian range from western Pennsylvania to western Georgia Complex society Frontier complex, fluid, and violent mixture of Europeans, Native Americans, and African Americans Spanish borderlands - multicultural Southwest New Mexico Texas California Florida Key Terms: Backcountry: In the eighteenth century, the edge of settlement extending from western Pennsylvania to Georgia. This region formed the second frontier as settlers moved west from the Atlantic coast into the interior. Tensions in the Backcountry

Link to MyHistoryLab asset: Read the Document, “Benjamin Franklin, Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind, Peopling Countries, etc. (1751)” Lecture Outline: Image: Map 4.1 Distribution of European and African Immigrants in the Thirteen Colonies - A flood of non-English immigrants swept the British colonies between 1700 and 1775. Tensions in the Backcountry

Scots-Irish Flee English Oppression
04/06/98 Origins of Scots-Irish Lowland Scottish Presbyterians transported to northern Ireland Emigrated to America Concentrated - Pennsylvania frontier Welcomed by colony’s proprietors, at first Barrier between Indians and coastal communities Quick to challenge authority Lecture Outline: Origins of Scots-Irish Lowland Scottish Presbyterians transported to northern Ireland England trying to dominate Catholic Ireland Discriminated against by English Anglicans Faced high taxes Emigrated to America Following several poor harvests in the 1720s Entire congregations moved Concentrated - Pennsylvania frontier Welcomed by colony’s proprietors, at first Barrier between Indians and coastal communities Quick to challenge authority Tensions in the Backcountry 2 2 2 2

Germans Search for a Better Life
04/06/98 Germans – approximately 100,000 Early migrants - small Protestant sects, similar to Quakers Later waves - Lutherans A third of Pennsylvania population by 1766 Religious institutions important Germans and Scots-Irish push south Backcountry of Virginia and the Carolinas Lecture Outline: Germans – approximately 100,000 Early migrants - small Protestant sects, similar to Quakers from upper Rhine Valley Sought religious toleration Mennonites established Germantown, Pennsylvania Later waves - Lutherans Sought to improve their material condition Preserved much of German culture A third of Pennsylvania population by 1766 Mistakenly called Pennsylvania Dutch Best farmers in the colony Religious institutions important Living beyond colonial government authority Preferred to be left alone Germans and Scots-Irish pushed south Backcountry of Virginia and the Carolinas Scots-Irish reputation as rootless Moved two to three times Tensions in the Backcountry 3 3 3 3

Link to MyHistoryLab asset: Read the Document, “Legal Statement by Pedro Hidalgo, soldier, Santa Fe (1680)” Lecture Outline: Image: Map 4.2 The Spanish Borderlands, c In the eighteenth century, Spain’s North American empire extended across what is now the southern United States from Florida through Texas and New Mexico to California. Tensions in the Backcountry

Native Americans Stake Out a Middle Ground
04/06/98 Many eastern Indians moved Middle Ground - trans-Appalachian region Escaped confrontations with Europeans Relied on white traders Traditions eroded by European contact Earliest encounters controlled by Indian leaders Middle ground – individual Indians bargained for themselves French and British conflict Lecture Outline: Many eastern Indians moved Middle Ground - trans-Appalachian region Escaped confrontations with Europeans Refugees from groups who had lost too many people Created new multiethnic communities Welcomed by stronger groups – Creek, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Cherokee, and Shawnee Relied on white traders French and English Provided metal goods and weapons Desire to maintain strong voice in commercial exchanges Traditions eroded by European contact Earliest encounters controlled by Indian leaders Controlled character and flow of trade Middle ground – individual Indians bargained for themselves Did not consult with Indian leaders Weakened Indians’ ability to resist white aggression French and British conflict Imperial competition enhanced Indians’ bargaining position After the war, Indians no longer as important to either European power Key Terms: Middle Ground: A geographical area where two distinct cultures meet and merge with neither holding a clear upper hand. Tensions in the Backcountry 4 4 4 4

Conquering New Spain’s Northern Frontier
Spanish settle north of Rio Grande in late 1500s Pueblo Indians resisted in New Mexico St. Augustine, Florida 1769 – missions in California Lecture Outline: Spanish settle north of Rio Grande in late 1500s Pueblo Indians resisted in New Mexico El Popé led Pueblo Revolt in 1680 Spanish reestablished control in 1692 Lack of desired precious metals reduced Spain’s desire to settle in the area St. Augustine, Florida Spanish military outpost Concern over French encroachment in Southeast First permanent European settlement in future United States Unattractive to settlers 1769 – missions in California Few obvious natural resources Difficult to reach from Mexico To prevent Russian claims Tensions in the Backcountry

Peoples of the Spanish Borderlands
Slow growth in Spanish borderlands Mainly males: priests, soldiers, and administrators Few European women Influence on Native American culture Spanish exploited native labor Lowest social class Natives resisted conversion to Catholicism Retained Spanish culture Lecture Outline: Slow growth in Spanish borderlands Mainly males: priests, soldiers, and administrators Danger of Indian attacks Harsh physical environment Few European women Mixed-race children with Indian women Influence on Native American culture Spanish exploited native labor Reduced entire villages to servitude Lowest social class Natives resisted conversion to Catholicism Pueblo kept own religious forms Retained Spanish culture Language in Southwest mainly Spanish Architecture styles Tensions in the Backcountry

Discussion Questions What difficulties did Native Americans face in maintaining their cultural independence on the frontier? Why was the Spanish empire unable to control its northern frontier? Lecture Outline: Britain’s American colonies experienced extraordinary population and economic growth during the eighteenth century. German and Scots-Irish migrants poured into the backcountry, where they clashed with Native Americans. The Indians successfully played off French and British imperial ambitions in the “middle ground,” but disease and encroachment by ordinary European settlers undermined the Indians’ ability to resist. During the late 1600s and early 1700s, the Spanish empire steadily expanded its authority north of Mexico. New Spanish settlements were established in the Southwest and California. Although the Spanish constructed missions and forts, a lack of settlers and troops made it impossible for them to impose effective imperial authority, and much of the territory they claimed remained under the control of Indian peoples. Tensions in the Backcountry

The Impact of European Ideas on American Culture
American Enlightenment Benjamin Franklin Economic Transformation Birth of a Consumer Society Learning Objective: How did European ideas affect eighteenth-century American life? Home

Rapid change in eighteenth-century colonies Growth of urban cosmopolitan culture Aggressive participation in consumption Lecture Outline: Rapid change in eighteenth-century colonies Growth of urban cosmopolitan culture Aggressive participation in consumption The Impact of European Ideas on American Culture

American Enlightenment
04/06/98 Intellectual thought swept Europe Basic assumptions of the Enlightenment American Enlightenment Appeal was practical knowledge Applied reason to social and political problems Lecture Outline: Intellectual thought swept Europe Basic assumptions of the Enlightenment Optimistic view of human nature God set up the universe and human society to operate by mechanistic, natural laws Those laws can be found through reason American Enlightenment Appeal was to practical knowledge Applied reason to social and political problems Key Terms: Enlightenment: Philosophical and intellectual movement that began in Europe during the eighteenth century. It stressed the use of reason to solve social and scientific problems. The Impact of European Ideas on American Culture 5 5 5 5

Benjamin Franklin 04/06/98 Franklin regarded as Enlightenment thinker by Europeans Started as printer, then satirist in Boston Achieved wealth through printing business Made important scientific discoveries and inventions Promoted reason Lecture Outline: Franklin regarded as Enlightenment thinker by Europeans Started as printer, then satirist in Boston Emulated British styles Moved to Philadelphia Achieved wealth through printing business Made important scientific discoveries and inventions Electricity Lightening rod Efficient stove Promoted reason Groups to discuss literature, philosophy, and science Library Company Voluntary association Communicated with people in other colonies The Impact of European Ideas on American Culture 5 5 5 5

Lecture Outline: Image: Benjamin Franklin - Franklin exemplified the scientific curiosity and search for practical knowledge characteristic of Enlightenment thinkers of the eighteenth century. His experiments on electricity became world famous and inspired others to study the effects of the strange force. The Impact of European Ideas on American Culture

Economic Tranformation
04/06/98 Early eighteenth-century growth Population increased eightfold Economic success Mercantilist restrictions expanded Benefited mother country Not enforced Lecture Outline: Early eighteenth-century growth Population increased eightfold Economic success Abundant land and growth of agriculture Sold crops to European and West Indian markets Major export crops – tobacco, wheat, rice Mercantilist restrictions expanded Benefited mother country Furs added to enumerated list White Pines Acts Could not cut white pine trees without license Reserved best trees for Royal Navy Molasses Act/Sugar Act Heavy duty on molasses imported from foreign ports Ignored – imported molasses from French Caribbean without paying full duties Limited production of colonial goods that competed with British exports Hat and Felt Act Iron Act Ignored – Middle Colonies produced iron Not enforced The Impact of European Ideas on American Culture 5 5 5 5

Lecture Outline: Image: Boston Harbor - This engraving of a work by William Burgis depicts the port of Boston at mid-century. The Impact of European Ideas on American Culture

Birth of a Consumer Society
04/06/98 Consumer Revolution English exports to colonies increased Credit available Intercoastal trade Movement of goods between regions Great Wagon Road Change in American culture Erosion of local and regional identities Frequent contact Lecture Outline: Consumer Revolution English exports to colonies increased British industrialization Small factories Products cheaper than colonial products Finer products China replaced earthenware Imported cloth replaced homespun Credit available Pay interest on debt Gambled on future prosperity Intercoastal trade Movement of goods between regions South – rice and tobacco exported Middle and New England – meat, wheat, and imported British goods exported Great Wagon Road Used by backcountry farmers to take grain to market Change in American culture Erosion of local and regional identities “Anglicized” by British imports Frequent contact Colonists with different backgrounds interacted Exchange of ideas and experiences Weekly newspapers England and colonial news Key Terms: Consumer Revolution: Period between 1740 and 1770 when English exports to the American colonies increased by 360 percent to satisfy Americans’ demand for consumer goods. The Impact of European Ideas on American Culture 5 5 5 5

Lecture Outline: Image: Map 4.3 The Great Wagon Road - By the mid-eighteenth century, the Great Wagon Road had become a major highway for the settlers in Virginia and the Carolina backcountry. The Impact of European Ideas on American Culture

Discussion Question How did European ideas affect eighteenth-century American life? Lecture Outline: During the Enlightenment, educated Europeans and American colonists, like Benjamin Franklin, brought scientific reason to the study of religion, nature, and society. By mid-century, economic growth sparked a consumer revolution that introduced colonists to an unprecedented array of imported manufactured items. New ideas and new goods helped integrate the American colonies into mainstream British culture. The Impact of European Ideas on American Culture

Religious Revivals in Provincial Societies
The Great Awakening Evangelical Religion Learning Objective: How did the Great Awakening transform the religious culture of colonial America? Home

04/06/98 Great Awakening Spontaneous, evangelical revivals People began to rethink basic assumptions about church and state, institutions, and society Lecture Outline: Great Awakening Spontaneous, evangelical revivals People began to rethink basic assumptions about church and state, institutions, and society Key Terms: Great Awakening: Widespread evangelical religious revival movement of the mid-1700s. It divided congregations and weakened the authority of established churches in the colonies. Religious Revivals in Provincial Societies 12 13 13 13

The Great Awakening 04/06/98 Widespread movement Americans looked backward with nostalgia Varied times in different regions Leaders Sparked by Jonathan Edwards George Whitefield Audience All walks of life Lecture Outline: Widespread movement Americans looked backward with nostalgia Felt earlier generations more pious Congregational ministers obsessed with scholastic matters over spiritual matters Lack of ordained ministers in some areas Varied times in different regions New England in the 1730s, Virginia in the 1750s and 1760s Leaders Sparked by Jonathan Edwards Reminded people of omnipotent God and predestination Nothing to do to save self Reaction to ministers going “soft” on population Were teaching that good works could lead to salvation George Whitefield Young preacher from England Dynamic speaker Toured colonies Outdoor sermons Used advertising to promote ideas Commercialization of religion Published many volumes Audience All walks of life Rich and poor, young and old, rural and urban Religious Revivals in Provincial Societies 5 5 5 5

Link to MyHistoryLab asset: Read the Document, “Benjamin Franklin, On George Whitefield (1771)” Lecture Outline: Image: George Whitefield - The fervor of the Great Awakening was intensified by the eloquence of itinerant preachers such as George Whitefield, the most popular evangelical of the mid-eighteenth century. Religious Revivals in Provincial Societies

Evangelical Religion 04/06/98 Itinerant Preachers Followed Whitefield’s example Split established churches Established ministers were suspicious Gilbert Tennent “New Lights” formed colleges Cultural change Active, questioning role African Americans Lecture Outline: Itinerant Preachers Followed Whitefield’s example Split established churches “New Lights” and “Old Lights” Established ministers were suspicious Thought itinerants relied too much on emotion Gilbert Tennent Scots-Irish Presbyterian Educated in Middle Colonies Asserted established ministers did not understand true religion “New Lights” formed colleges Princeton, Dartmouth, Brown, and Rutgers Trained new ministers Cultural change Active, questioning role Questioned traditional authority Played role in own salvation Did not rely on ministers or institutions Awareness of being part of a larger community “National” event Optimism about future of America African Americans Evangelicalism struck strong chord with slaves Some similarities to traditional African styles Key Terms: Itinerant Preachers: These charismatic preachers spread revivalism throughout America during the Great Awakening. Religious Revivals in Provincial Societies 5 5 5 5

Link to MyHistoryLab asset: Read the Document, “Jonathan Edwards, Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God (1741)” Lecture Outline: Image: The Reverend Jonathan Edwards (1703–1758) was an influential author and theologian whose preaching contributed to the Great Awakening. Religious Revivals in Provincial Societies

Discussion Question How did the Great Awakening transform the religious culture of colonial America? Lecture Outline: The Great Awakening brought a new form of evangelical religion to ordinary colonial Americans. It emphasized personal salvation through a “new birth” and membership in a large community of believers. Itinerant preachers, such as George Whitefield, drew huge crowds throughout the colonies. Other ministers followed Whitefield, inviting ordinary Americans to question traditional religious authorities. Religious Revivals in Provincial Societies

Clash of Political Cultures
Governing the Colonies: The American Experience Colonial Assemblies Learning Objective: Why were eighteenth-century colonial assemblies not fully democratic? Home

Colonists attempted to emulate British political institutions Parliament – model for American assemblies Unwritten constitution; English system of checks and balances Study of British political theory and practice led to discovery of how different Americans were from English people Lecture Outline: Colonists attempted to emulate British political institutions Parliament – model for American assemblies Unwritten constitution; English system of checks and balances Study of British political theory and practice led to discovery of how different Americans were from English people Clash of Political Cultures

Governing the Colonies: The American Experience
Erroneous belief that American governments modeled on England Royal governors Council Colonial assemblies Participation varied When big issues at stake Assemblies mostly gentry Lecture Outline: Erroneous belief that American governments modeled on England Royal governors Mid-level, ambitious bureaucrats Not enough income to interest wealthiest or talented Had more powers than king Veto legislation Could dismiss judges Served as military commanders Council Wealthy colonists selected by Board of Trade in London and recommended by governor Not distinct aristocracy like House of Lords in London Colonial assemblies Little resemblance to House of Commons Sometime 85‒95 percent eligible to vote Based on property ownership “Middle-class democracies” Did not include, women or nonwhites Independent judgment Too many too bribe Participation varied When big issues at stake Formation of banks Could expel “rascals” who went outside the will of the people Assemblies mostly gentry Clash of Political Cultures

Colonial Assemblies Aggressive colonial assemblies Felt obligation to preserve colonial liberties Assemblies controlled colony’s finances Conflict with governors No incentive for cooperation Governors wanted patronage system Shaped American culture Weekly journal Law Lecture Outline: Aggressive colonial assemblies Felt obligation to preserve colonial liberties Attacks on assembly were attacks on rights Printers jailed for criticism of lower house Assemblies controlled colony’s finances Conflict with governors No incentive for cooperation Assemblies could refuse to support plans Governors wanted patronage system Clashed with separation of executive and legislative authority Shaped American culture Weekly journal Source of shared political information Especially important in New York and Massachusetts Law Legal practices became standardized Scrutinized by England’s Board of Trade, Privy Council, and Parliament to ensure compliance Many members of colonial assemblies were lawyers or had legal training Clash of Political Cultures

Discussion Question Why were the eighteenth-century colonial assemblies not fully democratic? Lecture Outline: Most eighteenth-century colonial governments contained three parts: a royal governor, an appointed governor’s council, and an elected assembly. Although these representative assemblies did not allow women, blacks, or the poor to vote, they did enfranchise a significant percentage of the white adult male population. Assemblies jealously guarded their privileges and powers, often coming into conflict with royal governors who attempted to expand their own authority. Clash of Political Cultures

Century of Imperial War
The French Threat King George’s War and Its Aftermath Seven Years’ War Perceptions of War Learning Objective: Why did colonial Americans support Great Britain’s wars against France? Home

Britain’s conflicts with continental rivals like France spilled over to colonies Security threats from these conflicts forced colonists into more military and political cooperation British colonies overwhelmingly militarily superior to New France but ineffective Lecture Outline: Britain’s conflicts with continental rivals like France spilled over to colonies Security threats from these conflicts forced colonists into more military and political cooperation British colonies overwhelmingly militarily superior to New France but ineffective Century of Imperial War

The French Threat France - limited New World military French army of 100,000, but not sent abroad Defense left to companies in fur trade English colonists’ theoretical advantage Larger population, but divided English and French suspicious English being encircled by French English seizing French land Lecture Outline: France - limited New World military French army of 100,000, but not sent abroad Outposts strung out Only 75,000 Frenchmen in New World colonies Defense left to companies in fur trade English colonists’ theoretical advantage Larger population, but divided Separate governments suspicious of each other French and Indian exploited these jealousies during war Smaller French area easier to defend Defended mainly Montreal and Quebec English and French suspicious English being encircled by French Louisiana claim with forts on river English seizing French land Land speculators and traders pushed into French territory Frenchmen urged development of Louisiana to stop English encroachment Century of Imperial War

Table 4.1 A Century of Conflict: Major Wars, 1689‒1763
Lecture Outline: Image: Table 4.1 A Century of Conflict: Major Wars, 1689–1763 Century of Imperial War

King George’s War and Its Aftermath
In Europe - War of Austrian Succession Victory over the French French built Fort Duquesne English population growing Virginia advised to expel French British army also unsuccessful Albany Plan Colonial unity Lecture Outline: King George’s War –1748 In Europe - War of Austrian Succession Victory over the French New England troops captured Fort Louisbourg on Cape Breton Island Louisbourg returned to France by Treaty of Aix-la-Chappelle French built Fort Duquesne English population growing Keep British from seizing Ohio River Valley Virginia advised to expel French Virginians under George Washington failed to expel French Showed one colony alone could not defeat French British army also unsuccessful Major General Edward Braddock French retained control of Ohio Valley Albany Plan Colonial unity Proposed by group including Benjamin Franklin Not accepted by all colonies Feared giving up any authority Key Terms: Albany Plan: Plan of intercolonial cooperation proposed by prominent colonists including Benjamin Franklin at a conference in Albany, New York, in The plan called for a Grand Council of elected delegates from the colonies that would have powers to tax and provide for the common defense. Although rejected by the colonial and British governments, it was a prototype for colonial union. Century of Imperial War

Lecture Outline: Image: Map 4.4 North America, By 1750, the French had established a chain of settlements southward through the heart of the continent from Quebec to New Orleans. The British saw this as a threat to their own seaboard colonies, which were expanding westward. Century of Imperial War

Link to MyHistoryLab asset: Read the Document, “Albany Plan of Union (1754)” Lecture Outline: Image: The Albany Plan - The first political cartoon to appear in an American newspaper was created by Benjamin Franklin in 1754 to emphasize the importance of the Albany Plan. Century of Imperial War

What Did the Global Seven Years’ War Mean for North America?
How did other colonial claims in North America create instability for the thirteen British mainland colonies? What made this eighteenth-century war a “world war”? In what ways did the territorial results of the war impact British mainland colonies? Century of Imperial War

Lecture Outline: Image: This political allegory shows two opponents in Seven Years’ War (1756–1763), Empress Maria Theresa of Austria and King Fredrick II of Prussia, playing chess with Mars, the Roman god of war. Century of Imperial War

Seven Years’ War 1756 – Seven Years’ War began England declared war on France European warfare – France’s advantage Shifted strategy to focus on North America Peace of Paris France lost British got large piece of North America Spanish added Louisiana to their empire French kept Caribbean sugar islands Lecture Outline: 1756 – Seven Years’ War began England declared war on France European warfare – France’s advantage Shifted strategy to focus on North America Prime Minister William Pitt Two officers – Jeffrey Amherst and James Wolfe Young, talented, ambitious By 1758, French cut off from re-supply Recaptured Louisbourg Fort Duquesne abandoned, Quebec captured, last French forces surrendered, 1760 Peace of Paris France lost British got large piece of North America Canada, Spanish Florida, all land east of Mississippi River Spanish added Louisiana to their empire French kept Caribbean sugar islands Guadeloupe and Martinique Key Terms: Seven Years’ War: Worldwide conflict (1756‒1763) that pitted Britain against France. With help from the American colonists, the British won the war and eliminated France as a power on the North American continent. Also known as the French and Indian War. Peace of Paris of 1763: Treaty ending the French and Indian War by which France ceded Canada to Britain. Century of Imperial War

Lecture Outline: Image: Map 4.5 The Seven Years’ War in North America - The conflict ended with Britain driving France from mainland North America. Century of Imperial War

Lecture Outline: Image: Map 4.6 North America After The Peace of Paris of 1763 redrew the map of North America. Great Britain received all the French holdings except for a few islands in the Atlantic and some sugar-producing islands in the Caribbean. Century of Imperial War

Perceptions of War 04/06/98 Deep impression on American society Colonists had to cooperate Closer contact with Britain British and Colonial views of each other Created trained officer corps British felt colonists ungrateful Colonists saw themselves as “junior partners” to British Lecture Outline: Deep impression on American society Colonists had to cooperate Sense of America beyond the village or plantation Opportunities Closer contact with Britain Aware of being part of large empire, military and commercial British and Colonial views of each other Created trained officer corps Knew British vulnerabilities British felt colonists ungrateful Not willing to bear their fair share of burden Colonists were slow to provide men and materials to fight French Americans were refusing the pay the bill for war Later used to justify parliamentary taxation in America Colonists saw themselves as “junior partners” to British Century of Imperial War 17 18 18 18

Discussion Question Why did colonial Americans support Great Britain’s wars against France? Lecture Outline: France and Great Britain waged almost constant war in North America. By 1750, Britain’s American colonists believed that the French in Canada planned to encircle their settlements, cutting them off from the rich lands of the Ohio Valley. The Seven Years’ War (1756–1763) drove the French from Canada, a stunning victory that generated unprecedented enthusiasm for the British Empire throughout the colonies. Century of Imperial War

Conclusion: Rule Britannia?
04/06/98 most Americans bound to Great Britain Culture and religion Lifestyle Politics and war Identity British had different perception Lecture Outline: most Americans bound to England Culture and religion Read British publications Flocked to hear British evangelical preachers Lifestyle Purchased British consumer goods Politics Fought in British wars Identity Colonists identified with British empire British had different perception Did not view Americans as equal partners in business of empire Saw “American” as “not quite English” 26 25 25 25

Experience of Empire: Eighteenth-Century America 1680‒1763

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