1. Emperor & King Penguins

2. The ancestors of Adélie and Emperor penguins lived in areas of temperate climate (like California is now). When Adelie (and Emperor) Penguins adapted to the harsh conditions of the Antarctic they were able to live where there were far fewer predators and less competition for food from other birds than there was in warmer environments. However, the harsh environment requires all their energy just to survive. How do they do it?

3. Wings: swimming Feet: walking, tobogganing Feathers: keeping warm Mouth: catching prey

4. Wings Penguin wings might remind you more of a dolphin’s flipper and yet dolphins are mammals and penguins are birds. Dolphins use their tail, but penguins use their wings (flippers) to propel themselves through the water using little energy. It has been said that penguins fly through the water because the movement of their wings is similar to the wing movements of birds flying in the air. However, unlike air-flying birds, penguins gain power on both the up stroke and down stroke of their wings when they are swimming. Being powerful swimmers is one of the adaptation for this environment because the only food available is in the ocean. There are no land organisms in Antarctica for penguins to eat.

5. Penguin bones in the wing are flat, solid and very strong. Here you can see the wrist and finger bones. Wing bones in birds that fly are round and hollow. This adaptation means their flipper will be flat for better movement through the water and strong for powerful strokes.

6. Penguin Body Form The penguin body shape has been described as the most hydrodynamic* form possible. Scientist have used the penguin form to design underwater vehicles, torpedoes and submarines. For penguins such a shape allows them to swim fast if they need to and over long distances using the least amount of energy. All of the food for these birds is in the ocean. Being a powerful swimmer is an important adaptation for these birds.

7. Emperor Penguin

9. Identification The Emperor Penguin is bigger than any other living penguin, standing up to 1.1 m tall. The Emperor Penguin is bigger than any other living penguin, standing up to 1.1 m tall. It is distinguished from the smaller King Penguin by its size, more robust stature, and a broad pale yellow connection between the orange-yellow ear patches and the pale yellow upper breast. It is distinguished from the smaller King Penguin by its size, more robust stature, and a broad pale yellow connection between the orange-yellow ear patches and the pale yellow upper breast.

10. Males and females are indistinguishable during most of the year. Males and females are indistinguishable during most of the year. However, when it becomes time for the male to switch responsibilities with the female, the male can have slimmed down to half his weight. However, when it becomes time for the male to switch responsibilities with the female, the male can have slimmed down to half his weight.

11. Immature birds resemble adults but are smaller and have a white rather than black chin. Immature birds resemble adults but are smaller and have a white rather than black chin. Ear patches are whitish, becoming increasingly yellow with age. Ear patches are whitish, becoming increasingly yellow with age.

12. Habits Breeds during the Antarctic winter from March to December. Breeds during the Antarctic winter from March to December. Eggs and chicks are balanced on the feet to prevent them from coming into contact with the ice. Eggs and chicks are balanced on the feet to prevent them from coming into contact with the ice. No nests are built, which allows the colony to move around and huddle close together, providing some protection from the cold. No nests are built, which allows the colony to move around and huddle close together, providing some protection from the cold.

13. The Emperor penguin feeds primarily on shoaling fish, small crustaceans and squid. The Emperor penguin feeds primarily on shoaling fish, small crustaceans and squid. They can dive more than 300 meters deep, and remain under water for as long as 22 minutes; but these are extremes. They can dive more than 300 meters deep, and remain under water for as long as 22 minutes; but these are extremes. Most of the time, emperors are feeding down to around, say, 150-200 meters, particularly in winter. Most of the time, emperors are feeding down to around, say, 150-200 meters, particularly in winter. The majority of their dives last only 3-6 minutes. The majority of their dives last only 3-6 minutes.

14. Distribution Breeds during the Antarctic winter in about 30 colonies around the southern parts of the Antarctic continent, usually on fast ice. Breeds during the Antarctic winter in about 30 colonies around the southern parts of the Antarctic continent, usually on fast ice. Probably depends a lot upon polynias – areas of open water surrounded by sea ice – during winter. Probably depends a lot upon polynias – areas of open water surrounded by sea ice – during winter.

15. Distribution Little is known about post-breeding dispersal or migration. Little is known about post-breeding dispersal or migration. Adults stay close to the permanent ice for most of their lives. Adults stay close to the permanent ice for most of their lives. Juveniles equipped with satellite transmitters, however, migrated as far north as the polar front. Juveniles equipped with satellite transmitters, however, migrated as far north as the polar front.

16. The female lays only one egg; it is too energetically expensive to rear more than one chick; and they can only fit one egg (and later one chick) onto their feet. The female lays only one egg; it is too energetically expensive to rear more than one chick; and they can only fit one egg (and later one chick) onto their feet. Also, if an egg is lost, it cannot be re-laid because by the time the female returns it is far too late to try again. Also, if an egg is lost, it cannot be re-laid because by the time the female returns it is far too late to try again.

17. After the female lays her egg, she passes it over to the male - though not quite immediately. After the female lays her egg, she passes it over to the male - though not quite immediately. Sometimes females sit on a newly-laid egg for hours before their mates finally get them: eggs are very precious commodities, and the changeover is a very hazardous transition. Sometimes females sit on a newly-laid egg for hours before their mates finally get them: eggs are very precious commodities, and the changeover is a very hazardous transition.

18. If the male does not manage to scoop up the egg very quickly, it freezes and the breeding season is over for a pair before it has really begun. If the male does not manage to scoop up the egg very quickly, it freezes and the breeding season is over for a pair before it has really begun. So the females are not very keen to risk losing their valuable egg. So the females are not very keen to risk losing their valuable egg. The female travels across the ice to feed in the fish-filled waters far away in the north. She spends the winter at sea. The female travels across the ice to feed in the fish-filled waters far away in the north. She spends the winter at sea.

19. Chicks grow slowly at first, more rapidly in late spring. Chicks grow slowly at first, more rapidly in late spring. Once the young are about seven weeks old, they join other chicks in a crèche, which is protected by a few adults. Once the young are about seven weeks old, they join other chicks in a crèche, which is protected by a few adults. By midsummer, the fledglings are independent. By midsummer, the fledglings are independent. They will be ready to breed in 4-8 years. They will be ready to breed in 4-8 years.

20. Emperor penguins can live up to twenty years or more; exceptional cases have been recorded of over forty years, though such extremes of longevity are rare. Emperor penguins can live up to twenty years or more; exceptional cases have been recorded of over forty years, though such extremes of longevity are rare. Mortality among the chicks and fledglings is high, especially after fledging in their first year of life when the young Emperors must figure out how to live at sea. Mortality among the chicks and fledglings is high, especially after fledging in their first year of life when the young Emperors must figure out how to live at sea.

21. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cgGL6SbM fKc&feature=PlayList&p=5BA14B29FE3DF6E E&playnext_from=PL&index=1 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cgGL6SbM fKc&feature=PlayList&p=5BA14B29FE3DF6E E&playnext_from=PL&index=1

22. Here are 10 interesting facts about Emperor Penguins: A grown-up male Emperor Penguin can weigh up to 90 pounds and a grown-up female Emperor Penguin can weigh up to 70 pounds. A grown-up male Emperor Penguin can weigh up to 90 pounds and a grown-up female Emperor Penguin can weigh up to 70 pounds. Emperor Penguins can grow up to be four feet tall. Emperor Penguins can grow up to be four feet tall. Most Emperor Penguins can live to be 20 years old. Most Emperor Penguins can live to be 20 years old. Every winter the female Emperor Penguin lays only one egg. Every winter the female Emperor Penguin lays only one egg. Baby Emperor Penguins are called chicks, and when the chicks grow older they form groups called "crèches". Baby Emperor Penguins are called chicks, and when the chicks grow older they form groups called "crèches".

23. Emperor Penguins survive the cold temperatures of Antarctica by huddling together. Emperor Penguins survive the cold temperatures of Antarctica by huddling together. Emperor Penguins can dive as deep as 1,750 feet in the frigid waters of the ocean. Emperor Penguins can dive as deep as 1,750 feet in the frigid waters of the ocean. Emperor Penguins live in colonies that can be very far away from the ocean waters, such as 50 miles away. Emperor Penguins live in colonies that can be very far away from the ocean waters, such as 50 miles away. When Emperor Penguins travel for food they can travel up to 870 miles in one single trip. When Emperor Penguins travel for food they can travel up to 870 miles in one single trip. Because Emperor Penguins are clumsy on their webbed feet they can also slide on their stomach at 4-5 mph. Because Emperor Penguins are clumsy on their webbed feet they can also slide on their stomach at 4-5 mph.

24. King Penguin

25. Scientific name: Aptenodytes patagonicus Scientific name: Aptenodytes patagonicus Size: 16.0 kg (m), 14.3 kg (f) Size: 16.0 kg (m), 14.3 kg (f) Nest type: in colonies in the open, have territories but no nest Nest type: in colonies in the open, have territories but no nest Favorite food: fish, some squid Favorite food: fish, some squid

26. No other bird has a longer breeding cycle than King Penguins. No other bird has a longer breeding cycle than King Penguins. They take 14 to 16 months to fledge a single chick. They take 14 to 16 months to fledge a single chick. During the winter, chicks may be left to fast for from one to five months (May to September/October). During the winter, chicks may be left to fast for from one to five months (May to September/October). Adults can rear a maximum of only two chicks every three years. Adults can rear a maximum of only two chicks every three years.

27. Identification The second-largest penguin species, similar in appearance to Emperor Penguin, but their ranges do not usually overlap. The second-largest penguin species, similar in appearance to Emperor Penguin, but their ranges do not usually overlap. Cheeks are dark orange. Cheeks are dark orange. The belly is white but the back is paler than other penguins, more of a grey than black. The belly is white but the back is paler than other penguins, more of a grey than black.

28. Immatures are similar to adults, but with duller facial plumage. Immatures are similar to adults, but with duller facial plumage. Ear patches are pale yellow rather than orange and the throat is grey-white. Ear patches are pale yellow rather than orange and the throat is grey-white. Reaches adult plumage after two years. Reaches adult plumage after two years.

29. Habits Dense colonies, which can number several tens of thousand pairs, are located amongst tussocks, gently sloping beaches, and sometimes can be over a kilometre inland. Dense colonies, which can number several tens of thousand pairs, are located amongst tussocks, gently sloping beaches, and sometimes can be over a kilometre inland. No nest is built, but pairs still maintain territories within pecking distance of each other. No nest is built, but pairs still maintain territories within pecking distance of each other. At sea, King Penguins are usually found in ice- free waters. At sea, King Penguins are usually found in ice- free waters.

30. The male king penguin incubates the egg much as male Emperor penguins, but the King penguins do this during the warmer summer season, when food is more available. The male king penguin incubates the egg much as male Emperor penguins, but the King penguins do this during the warmer summer season, when food is more available. Once the egg is laid, the male will care for it. Once the egg is laid, the male will care for it.

31. The female goes to the open sea and will return in about 21 days to take her turn keeping the egg warm. The female goes to the open sea and will return in about 21 days to take her turn keeping the egg warm. The male will only go about 1 month without food. The male will only go about 1 month without food. The chick hatches in about 54 days. The chick hatches in about 54 days. The chick is cared for by both parents for 30 to 40 days. The chick is cared for by both parents for 30 to 40 days.

32. King Penguin Chick

33. In the spring the parents come back and start feeding the chick again. In the spring the parents come back and start feeding the chick again. At this time, the chicks starts to grow its adult feathers and is ready to go off on its own. At this time, the chicks starts to grow its adult feathers and is ready to go off on its own. Raising a King penguin chick usually takes 10 to 13 months. Raising a King penguin chick usually takes 10 to 13 months. This allows the adults to raise only 1 chick every other year. This allows the adults to raise only 1 chick every other year.

34. Migration Due to the extended breeding cycle some birds can be found in the colony at any time of the year. Due to the extended breeding cycle some birds can be found in the colony at any time of the year. During winter, adults leave their chicks unattended and may travel extensively before returning. During winter, adults leave their chicks unattended and may travel extensively before returning.

35. Distribution Restricted to the sub-Antarctic belt, well north of Emperor Penguins. Restricted to the sub-Antarctic belt, well north of Emperor Penguins.

36. The male is solely responsible for the two- month incubation of the egg during the heart of winter in almost continuous darkness. The male is solely responsible for the two- month incubation of the egg during the heart of winter in almost continuous darkness. If the female has not returned by the time of hatching, the male is able to feed the chick for a short time with a “milk” secreted from the esophagus. If the female has not returned by the time of hatching, the male is able to feed the chick for a short time with a “milk” secreted from the esophagus.

37. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B71T_Gp A2AM http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B71T_Gp A2AM

38. Feet Penguin feet are strong with long nails for climbing over ice and rock. Many people think they have short legs but as you can see from the skeleton their legs are long and strong.

39. The feathers have a hard shell that overlays other feathers to keep the penguin dry in the water. At the base of the feather is a tuff of down that hold air against their bodies to keep them warm. Underneath the skin penguins have a insulating layer of fat to keep them warm not only in the water, but also when they are on the ice.

40. http://blogs.nationalgeographic.com/blogs/inte lligenttravel/2010/03/bus2antarctica-video-the- rare.html http://blogs.nationalgeographic.com/blogs/inte lligenttravel/2010/03/bus2antarctica-video-the- rare.html