1. Sport Psychology: Past, Present and Future
Chapter 1
Sport Psychology: Past, Present and Future
Jean Williams & Bill Straub

2. Focus of Applied Sport Psychology
Understand psychological factors that influence participation and performance in sport and exercise
Understand psychological effects derived from participation and performance
Identify interventions to enhance performance, participation, and personal growth

3. Sport Psychologists Study
Motivation
Personality
Violence
Leadership
Group Dynamics
Exercise and psychological well-being
Thoughts and feelings of athletes
Many other dimensions of participation in sport and exercise

4. What Sport Psychologists Do
Teach Research Consulting

5. Applied Sport Psychologists
Asks questions such as how to:
Manage competitive stress
Control concentration
Improve confidence
Increase communication skills and team harmony
Maintain optimal motivation
Deal with burnout and injury
Enhance coaching effectiveness
Increase exercise participation

6. Broad Goals of Psychological Skills Training
To learn to consistently create the ideal mental climate that unleashes those physical skills that allow athletes to perform at their best
To use interventions to enhance physical and mental health by increasing exercise participation

7. History of Sport Psychology in North America
Roots lie in Greek antiquity, but scientific foundation comes primarily from last 40 years
Coleman Griffith an exception –active 1920’s to 1930’s
Hired by University of Illinois to help coaches  performance, first SP laboratory and course
Wrote Psychology of Coaching (1926) and Psychology of Athletics (1928) plus 40 articles
Dorothy Yates an exception –active during 1930s-1950s
Wrote 2 books describing her mental training interventions with boxers and aviators
Taught psychology course at San Jose State for aviators and athletes

8.
Birth of applied sport psychology (e.g., Bruce Ogilvie and Tom Tutko)
Clinical Psychologists (San Jose State Univ.)
Extensive personality testing and team consulting, wrote Problem Athletes and How to Handle Them (1966)
Bruce Ogilvie often referred to as the father of applied sport psychology in North America
Formation of first sport psychology professional organizations
Father of Sport Psychology In Canada – Terry Orlick

9. SP Professional Organizations
International Society of Sport Psychology (ISSP, 1965)
North American Society for the Psychology of Sport and Physical Activity (NASPSPA, 1967)
Canadian Society for Psychomotor Learning and Sport Psychology (SCAPPS, 1969)
European Federation of Sport Psychology (FEPSAC, 1969)
Mental Training Registry (1980)
Association for Applied Sport Psychology (AASP,1985) (“the Advancement of” in title prior to 2006)
American Psychological Association (APA) Division 47 (1987)
Canadian Sport Psychology Association (2008?)
Canadian Sport Psychology Association (Division ?)

10. The 1970s
Primary goal: Advance knowledge base through experimental research
Topics diverse and many target populations
Increased cognitive focus: attention to athletes’ thoughts and images
Interactionism paradigm (considers person, environmental variables, and their interaction) surfaced and gained credibility
Performance enhancement consulting discouraged due to lack of knowledge base

11. 1980s
Cognitive focus continued, plus emphasis on field versus lab research
Growth in exercise and health psychology issues and research
Extensive documentation of the effectiveness of psychological interventions – led to advocating performance consulting
Recognition and use of sport psychology consultants by the USOC and its athletes
Mental Training Registry establish (Canada)
Growing practice concerns led to addressing professional issues
Formation of AAASP (1985, became AASP in 2006) and APA Division 47 (1987)

12. Sport Psychology Journals
International Journal of Sport Psychology (1970)
Journal of Sport Psychology (1979) changed to Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology (1988)
The Sport Psychologist (1987)
Journal of Applied Sport Psychology (1989)
Psychology of Sport and Exercise (2000)
International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology (2003)
Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology (2007)

13. Summary
Extensive growth and diversification in research and practice
Increase in journals and applied books
Considerable progress regarding professional issues
Growth in job opportunities
AASP establishes standards for certifying consultants (1991) and for an ethical code of behavior (1994, 1996)
Mental Training Registry becomes renamed as Canadian Sport Psychology Association

14. Research
Growth documenting effectiveness of interventions to enhance performance and personal growth
More emphasis on health and exercise psychology issues, including interventions to increase physical activity
Emerging diversity in methods, paradigms, and epistemology
e.g., feminist epistemology, influence of culture, single- subject designs, qualitative methods

15. 1990-2014 Job Opportunities Growth in consulting job market
All ages and skill level, NCAA athletic departments, fitness industry, sports medicine, performance enhancement in non-sport populations (e.g., Army Centers for Enhanced Performance)
Growth in academic job market
Most in sport science but some in psychology
Growth in exercise psychology positions
Partly driven by greater external research funding

16. Some Homework
Summarize how you become certified mental training consultant in Canada? In the United States?
What are the key organizations to belong to as a consultant? In Canada? In the United States?

17. Two Governing Bodies in Canada - CSPA
Canada Sport Psychology Association
Training – psychology emphasis with some kinesiology
Title: Sport Psychologist
Canadian Sport Psychology Association
Training – educational /kinesiology emphasis with some psychology
Title: Mental Performance Consultant

18. AASP Certification Criteria
Masters or doctoral degree in related field (e.g., sport science, psychology)
Coursework
12 categories (11 require equivalent of one 3-unit course, SP category requires 3 courses)
4 can be undergraduate, unless stated otherwise
Supervised practicum
700 hrs masters
400 hrs doctoral
Once certified, have recertification requirements

19. AASP Certification Coursework Categories
C1: Professional ethics and standards
One ethics course or several with ethics content
C2: Sport psychology
Three 3-unit courses (1 can be independent study, 2 grad)
C3: Biomechanical and/or physiological bases of sport
e.g., biomechanics, kinesiology, exercise physiology
C4: Historical, philosophical, social, or motor behavior bases of sport
e.g., motor learning/control, motor development, sport sociology, history or philosophy of sport

20. AASP Certification Coursework Categories (cont.)
C5: Psychopathology and its assessment
e.g., abnormal psychology, psychopathology
C6: Counseling skills (graduate level)
e.g., interventions or practice in counseling, clinical psychology
C7: Skills/techniques/analysis within sport/exercise
e.g., sport skills/technique/coaching courses, clinics, coaching experience, participation in organized sport
C8: Research design, statistics, and psychological assessment (graduate level)
C9: Biological bases of behavior
e.g., comparative psych, neuropsychology, physiological psych, sensation, psychopharmacology, exercise physiology, biomechanics/kinesiology

21. AAASP Certification Coursework Categories (cont.)
C10: Cognitive-affective bases of behavior
e.g., cognition, emotion, learning, memory, motivation, motor learning, motor development, perception, thinking
C11: Social bases of behavior
e.g., cultural, ethnic, group processes, gender roles, social psychology, organizational/systems theory, sport sociology
C12: Individual behavior
e.g., developmental psychology, health psychology, individual differences, personality, exercise behavior
Note: Categories 9-12, only 2 of 4 can be sport based

22. AAASP versus CSPA
What is the difference in training between AAASP and CSPA
What Courses need to be taken?
Masters? Phd? Required?
How many supervised hours?

23. History of Sport Psychology in Eastern Europe
Considerable attention given to the applied aspects of sport psychology
Specifically, to enhance elite athletes’ performance through applied research and direct intervention
Sport psychology was a highly esteemed field of academic and professional concern within national sport

24. History of Sport Psychology in Eastern Europe (cont.)
Self-regulation training
Voluntarily control such bodily functions as
Heart rate
Temperature
Muscle tension
Emotional reactions to stressful situations
Autogenic training, visualization, and autoconditioning (self-hypnosis) were key methods used by Eastern European sport psychologists

25. Future Directions in North American Applied Sport Psychology
Vealey suggests more inclusive and diverse research questions and methods
Need greater specialization in training of future students due to growth in knowledge base
Promote more career opportunities for future sport psychologists
More emphasis on positive psychology
Seeks to understand positive emotion and build one’s strength