1. Basic Entomology Chapter 2 Section I of the Pest Bear & Affiliates Service Personnel Development Program 2005 Copyright @ 2005-2006, Central Fla Duplicating, Inc. All rights reserved

2. Learning Objectives After you complete your study of this unit, you should be able to: n List the groups of pests that need to be controlled. n Name the most common types of insect pests. n List the most common types of damage caused by vertebrates. Copyright @ 2005-2006, Central Fla Duplicating, Inc. All rights reserved

3. What is a pest? The first step in solving any problem is to understand what is causing it. So the first step to your job is to recognize the pests you need to control We favor certain plants and animals that provide us food and fiber. But we also provide good growing conditions for other plants and animals that harm them. These living things that compete with us for food and fiber, or attack us directly, are pests. The living plant or animal a pest depends on for survival is called the host. Copyright @ 2005-2006, Central Fla Duplicating, Inc. All rights reserved

4. What is a pest? 1. insects (plus mites, ticks and spiders) 2. vertebrates 3. weeds 4. plant disease agents 5. nematodes The first step in solving any problem is to understand what is causing it. So the first step to your job is to recognize the pests you need to control We favor certain plants and animals that provide us food and fiber. But we also provide good growing conditions for other plants and animals that harm them. These living things that compete with us for food and fiber, or attack us directly, are pests. The living plant or animal a pest depends on for survival is called the host. Pests can be put into groups: Copyright @ 2005-2006, Central Fla Duplicating, Inc. All rights reserved

5. INSECTS 1. damaging plants 2. infesting homes, restaurants, hospitals, and other structures 3. destroying wood, clothing, and stored food 4. transmitting disease organisms 5. causing allergies Insects thrive in more environments than any other group of animals. They live not only on the earth’s surface but within the soil and in water. Insects cause damage by: Copyright @ 2005-2006, Central Fla Duplicating, Inc. All rights reserved

6. INSECTS 1. damaging plants 2. infesting homes, restaurants, hospitals, and other structures 3. destroying wood, clothing, and stored food 4. transmitting disease organisms 5. causing allergies Insects thrive in more environments than any other group of animals. They live not only on the earth’s surface but within the soil and in water. Insects cause damage by: Not all insects are pests. Some help man by doing such things as pollinating plants or feeding on other insects that are pests. Copyright @ 2005-2006, Central Fla Duplicating, Inc. All rights reserved

7. Recognize Common Features of Insects 1.All adult insects have two things in common -- they have six jointed legs and three body regions. 2.How do you tell one insect from another? The most important parts to look at are wings and Mouthparts. 3.Some insects have no wings. Others have two or four. The wings vary in shape, size, thickness and structure. 4.Insects with chewing Mouthparts have toothed jaws that bite and tear the food. Insects with piercing-sucking Mouthparts have a long beak which they force into a plant or animal to suck out fluids or blood. 5.Almost all insects change shape, form and size during their lives. This change is called metamorphosis. Copyright @ 2005-2006, Central Fla Duplicating, Inc. All rights reserved

8. Recognize Common Features of Insects Continued 1.Some insects change only in size as they develop. The adult lays eggs. A nymph which looks like a tiny adult hatches from the egg and goes through several stages. Nymphs change into wingless adults. 2.Other insects change completely. They go through four stages. The larva hatches from an egg. It is a worm, caterpillar, grub or maggot. This is the stage in which these insects grow the most and do the most damage. When full-grown, the larva changes into a pupa. During this stage it changes into the adult. The adult stage usually has wings. Copyright @ 2005-2006, Central Fla Duplicating, Inc. All rights reserved

9. Here are the insect groups that include most of the insects which man considers pests. You should be familiar with the characteristics of each group that you control and the type of damage each group does. n No wings n Chewing Mouthparts n Usually have two or three long tails n Young and adult look alike (no change in form) n Usually found in houses and other buildings n Feed on plant fiber cloth and all starches Bristle tails (firebrats and silverfish) Copyright @ 2005-2006, Central Fla Duplicating, Inc. All rights reserved

10. Here are the insect groups that include most of the insects which man considers pests. You should be familiar with the characteristics of each group that you control and the type of damage each group does. n No wings n Piercing-sucking Mouthparts n Narrow head n Young and adults look alike n Some feed on livestock n Some carry disease agents n Their bites may be painful and cause itching Sucking Lice (Human body, head and pubic lice) n No wings n Chewing Mouthparts n Usually have two or three long tails n Young and adult look alike (no change in form) n Usually found in houses and other buildings n Feed on plant fiber cloth and all starches Bristle tails (firebrats and silverfish) Copyright @ 2005-2006, Central Fla Duplicating, Inc. All rights reserved

11. n Some have fringed wings; others have no wings n Combination of chewing (rasping) and sucking Mouthparts n Young and adults look alike n Usually found in flowers or buds of plants n May cause misshapen or poorly developed flowers, buds, fruits, and leaves Thrips Copyright @ 2005-2006, Central Fla Duplicating, Inc. All rights reserved

12. n Swarming termites have four wings or equal size and shape; others are white and have no wings. n chewing Mouthparts n Young and adults look alike n Usually feed on wood products such as fence posts, timbers and flooring n Damage to the wood in homes and other structures is common Termites n Some have fringed wings; others have no wings n Combination of chewing (rasping) and sucking Mouthparts n Young and adults look alike n Usually found in flowers or buds of plants n May cause misshapen or poorly developed flowers, buds, fruits, and leaves Thrips Copyright @ 2005-2006, Central Fla Duplicating, Inc. All rights reserved

13. n Swarming termites have four wings or equal size and shape; others are white and have no wings. n chewing Mouthparts n Young and adults look alike n Usually feed on wood products such as fence posts, timbers and flooring n Damage to the wood in homes and other structures is common Termites n Some have wings; some do not have fully developed wings. Top pair of wings is leathery n Chewing Mouthparts n Young and adults look alike n Grasshoppers usually feed on plant leaves and stem n Crickets are found in the field or indoors. They eat almost anything made from plants. n Cockroaches often occur in restaurants, houses, stores and offices. They eat the same foods that man does. Grasshoppers, Crickets, and Cockroaches n Some have fringed wings; others have no wings n Combination of chewing (rasping) and sucking Mouthparts n Young and adults look alike n Usually found in flowers or buds of plants n May cause misshapen or poorly developed flowers, buds, fruits, and leaves Thrips Copyright @ 2005-2006, Central Fla Duplicating, Inc. All rights reserved

14. n Some have wings; some do not. Top pair of wings is part leathery and part transparent n Piercing-sucking Mouthparts n Young and adults look alike n Suck the juice from plants and blood from man and animals n Reduce the vitality and yield of plants and animals, and may carry plant and animal disease agents n Bedbugs are in this group. True Bugs Copyright @ 2005-2006, Central Fla Duplicating, Inc. All rights reserved

15. n Some have wings; some do not n Piercing-sucking Mouthparts n Young look like adults n Adult scale insects are scale-covered and stay in one place on the plant n Suck the juices from plants n Reduce the vitality and yield of plants n Some carry plant disease agents Aphids, Leafhoppers, Spittlebugs and Scale Insects n Some have wings; some do not. Top pair of wings is part leathery and part transparent n Piercing-sucking Mouthparts n Young and adults look alike n Suck the juice from plants and blood from man and animals n Reduce the vitality and yield of plants and animals, and may carry plant and animal disease agents n Bedbugs are in this group. True Bugs Copyright @ 2005-2006, Central Fla Duplicating, Inc. All rights reserved

16. n Some have wings; some do not n Piercing-sucking Mouthparts n Young look like adults n Adult scale insects are scale-covered and stay in one place on the plant n Suck the juices from plants n Reduce the vitality and yield of plants n Some carry plant disease agents Aphids, Leafhoppers, Spittlebugs and Scale Insects n Most adults have four large wings with many scales that rub off easily n Most moths are dull brown color; butterflies are brightly colored n Mouthparts of some adults are lacking or are a coiled tube used for sucking n Larvae are caterpillars, usually with six jointed legs and ten soft, fleshy legs n Larvae have chewing Mouthparts n Larval stages are important pest on many crops. They damage leaves, stems, tubers, fruit and cloth. n Clothes moths are in this group Moths and butterflies n Some have wings; some do not. Top pair of wings is part leathery and part transparent n Piercing-sucking Mouthparts n Young and adults look alike n Suck the juice from plants and blood from man and animals n Reduce the vitality and yield of plants and animals, and may carry plant and animal disease agents n Bedbugs are in this group. True Bugs Copyright @ 2005-2006, Central Fla Duplicating, Inc. All rights reserved

17. n Adults with the two top wings usually hard and shiny and the bottom wings transparent n Chewing Mouthparts n Young are grubs or worms. Some have no legs; others have six n Young and adults are found on plants, in soil, and in wood in buildings n Both the adult and the larval stages may damage stored food products, plants, and in some cases, animals and animal products. Beetles Copyright @ 2005-2006, Central Fla Duplicating, Inc. All rights reserved

18. n Adults have only two wings (other winged insects have four) n Mouthparts of adults piercing-sucking, but may be slightly modified for sponging, rasping or cutting n Young (except mosquitoes) are maggots n Head of young usually not well-defined; Mouthparts are small, dark, and hook-like n Young mosquitoes live in water. They have a well-developed head with chewing Mouthparts n Maggots usually feed on plant seedlings and roots, in organic matter, in water, and in other damp places n Some maggots feed on animals n Some adults carry disease agents Flies and Mosquitoes n Adults with the two top wings usually hard and shiny and the bottom wings transparent n Chewing Mouthparts n Young are grubs or worms. Some have no legs; others have six n Young and adults are found on plants, in soil, and in wood in buildings n Both the adult and the larval stages may damage stored food products, plants, and in some cases, animals and animal products. Beetles Copyright @ 2005-2006, Central Fla Duplicating, Inc. All rights reserved

19. n Adults have only two wings (other winged insects have four) n Mouthparts of adults piercing-sucking, but may be slightly modified for sponging, rasping or cutting n Young (except mosquitoes) are maggots n Head of young usually not well-defined; Mouthparts are small, dark, and hook-like n Young mosquitoes live in water. They have a well-developed head with chewing Mouthparts n Maggots usually feed on plant seedlings and roots, in organic matter, in water, and in other damp places n Some maggots feed on animals n Some adults carry disease agents Flies and Mosquitoes n Most adults have a narrow waist; sawflies are an exception n Some have four wings; some have none n Chewing Mouthparts n Most young wormlike with no legs n Young usually in nests in soil, or made of mud, paper or wax n Painful sting of many adults makes some of these a pest. Others may damage wood products Bees, Wasps, Ants and Sawflies n Adults with the two top wings usually hard and shiny and the bottom wings transparent n Chewing Mouthparts n Young are grubs or worms. Some have no legs; others have six n Young and adults are found on plants, in soil, and in wood in buildings n Both the adult and the larval stages may damage stored food products, plants, and in some cases, animals and animal products. Beetles Copyright @ 2005-2006, Central Fla Duplicating, Inc. All rights reserved

20. MITES, TICKS, and SPIDERS Mites, ticks and spiders are closely related to insects. The main differences are that the adults have eight joined legs instead of six and have two body regions. They do not have wings Copyright @ 2005-2006, Central Fla Duplicating, Inc. All rights reserved

21. Recognizing Common Features of Mites, Ticks and Spiders Mites u Adults have eight legs; larvae have six u Very small -- about the size of the period at the end of this line. u No wings u Sucking Mouthparts u Soft-bodied u Injury they cause usually is noticed before the mites are found u When present on plants in large numbers, their feeding turns foliage and buds whitish, reddish, or brown. Some may scar fruit u On animals, they cause severe skin irritation, redness, scabs, and scaliness u Chiggers (also called jiggers and red bugs) that attack man are mites Copyright @ 2005-2006, Central Fla Duplicating, Inc. All rights reserved

22. u Adults have eight legs; larvae have six u Leathery or soft (sometimes colored) body without a distinct head u Piercing-sucking Mouthparts with which they firmly attach themselves to the host animal u Parasitic on animals, including man u Must have blood to complete their life cycle u Some carry disease agents to man and animals Ticks Copyright @ 2005-2006, Central Fla Duplicating, Inc. All rights reserved

23. u Eight legs u Biting Mouthparts u Vary in length from a fraction of an inch to 5 or 6 inches u Useful to man because they eat insects, but webs and excretions may be a nuisance u Black widow and brown recluse bites are dangerous to man, can be fatal Spiders u Adults have eight legs; larvae have six u Leathery or soft (sometimes colored) body without a distinct head u Piercing-sucking Mouthparts with which they firmly attach themselves to the host animal u Parasitic on animals, including man u Must have blood to complete their life cycle u Some carry disease agents to man and animals Ticks Copyright @ 2005-2006, Central Fla Duplicating, Inc. All rights reserved

24. Recognizing Common Features of Vertebrates All vertebrate animals have a jointed backbone. They include fish, snakes, turtles alligators, lizards, frogs, toads, salamanders, birds, and mammals. What may be a pest animal in come situations may be highly desirable in others. A muskrat, for instance, is a fur-bearing animal, but its burrows may weaken man-made earthen dams. FISH uMan has caused most fish problems. uMan has put some kinds of fish where they normally would not have been. We think some fish are undesirable because they are not useful for sport or for food. Others compete with more desirable species. uSome fish are intermediate hosts for parasites of man Copyright @ 2005-2006, Central Fla Duplicating, Inc. All rights reserved

25. Reptiles and Amphibians tReptiles (snakes, lizards, turtles and alligators) and amphibians (frogs, toads and salamanders) may cause local problems. tAlthough most of them cause little if any damage, many people fear or dislike them. tPoisonous snakes can be a real problems. So can snakes and turtles in fish hatcheries or waterfowl production areas. Copyright @ 2005-2006, Central Fla Duplicating, Inc. All rights reserved

26. Birds uStructural damage by woodpeckers udestruction of feed and of fruit, nut, grain, timber and vegetable crops by seed-and fruit-eating birds uhazards to animal and human health caused by birds like pigeons and parakeets uannoyance caused by birds roosting near dwellings uPeck marks, location of damage, tracks, feathers, and droppings are signs of bird damage. Reptiles and Amphibians tReptiles (snakes, lizards, turtles and alligators) and amphibians (frogs, toads and salamanders) may cause local problems. tAlthough most of them cause little if any damage, many people fear or dislike them. tPoisonous snakes can be a real problems. So can snakes and turtles in fish hatcheries or waterfowl production areas. Bird damage can be quite varied. It includes: Copyright @ 2005-2006, Central Fla Duplicating, Inc. All rights reserved

27. Mammals n Damage by mammals is varied. Some cause serious health problems to livestock and humans. n Disease agents mammals transmit to man can cause rabies, plague, food poisoning, and tularemia. n Some damage fruit, vegetable, nut, grain, range and tree crops. n Damage to dams and ditches can be very costly. n Mice and rats annoy by living in homes, offices and factories. Copyright @ 2005-2006, Central Fla Duplicating, Inc. All rights reserved

28. Learning Objectives Now, you should be able to: 1. List the groups of pests that need to be controlled. 2. Name the most common types of insect pests. 3. List the most common types of damage caused by vertebrates. Exit Copyright @ 2005-2006, Central Fla Duplicating, Inc. All rights reserved