1. How air and water move things
Bernoulli’s law
and
Magnus force

2. Hydrostatic pressure
Blaise Pascal
P = ρgh

3. Hydrostatic pressure P = ρgh ρ=fluid/gas density
g=acceleration due to gravity
h=height
P = ρgh
Pressure in liquid/gas is isotropic. It acts equally in all directions
Pressure is force per unit area
Due to the gravity, pressure at a given level equals to the weight of the column of liquid/gas above this level over a unit area

4. Pressure measurement: liquid (mercury) manometer

5. Hydrostatic pressure of air and water

6. Atmospheric pressure

7. Hydrostatic pressure
P = ρgh

8. Bernoulli’s principle
For a non-turbulent flow of fluid or gas
As speed increases, the pressure in the fluid or gas decreases.

9. Bernoulli’s equation P + ½ ρv2+ ρgh = const
P=pressure of the fluid/gas along the streamline
v=velocity of the fluid/gas along the streamline
g=acceleration due to gravity
h=height
ρ=fluid/gas density
The Bernoulli’s equation expresses conservation of enegy. It assumes that:
The fluid/gas has a constant density
The fluid/gas is traveling in a steady flow
There is no friction
The fluid/gas is non viscous and incompressable

10. Bernoulli’s principle

11. Bernoulli’s equation

12. Derivation of Bernoulli
Distance l
Acceleration a -a
Acceleration in the non-inertial frame moving with the flow
Because velocity of the fluid/gas flow has changed (increased) from v1 to v2 , there must be a force which causes it to accelerate while passing the distance l.
For simplicity, let us assume constant acceleration a.

13. Derivation of Bernoulli
Distance l
Acceleration a -a
Acceleration in the non-inertial frame moving with the flow
The equivalence principle:
In an accelerated reference frame moving with the flow we can calculate the pressure difference as if it were a pressure
difference in a gravitational field, 𝚫P = P2 - P1 = ρ a l

14. Inertial force and the equivalence principle

15. Inertial force and the equivalence principle

16. Inertial force and the equivalence principle
The inertial mass relates force and acceleration in the Newton’s first law of motion: F = ma.
The gravitational mass determines force of gravitational attraction in the Newton’s law of gravity: (= mg).
The inertial mass and the gravitational mass are equal.

17. Derivation of Bernoulli
Distance l
Acceleration a -a
Acceleration in the non-inertial frame moving with the flow
Kinematics of motion with constant acceleration, a, gives,
v2 = v1 + at,
l = v1t + ½ at2 = (v22 - v12 ) /(2a)
where t is the time it took the flow to pass the distance l.

18. Derivation of Bernoulli
Distance l
Acceleration a -a
Acceleration in the non-inertial frame moving with the flow
Combining the two results gives the Bernoulli equation,
𝚫P = P2 - P1 = ρ a l = ρ (v22 - v12 )/2

19. Torricelli’s law
Patm
Patm
ρ v2/2+Patm= ρgh+Patm =>
v2 = 2gh

20. Examples of Bernoulli principle

21. Sprayers and atomizers

22. Ventouri effect and applications
Ventouri detergent intake system in a powerwasher
Dental Saliva Ejector Hose With Water Venturi Suction System
Ventouri wine aerator

23. Draft by wind in a chimney
Becomes important for wind velocity v > √2gh
(≈ 10 m/s for h ≈ 5 m).

24. Pitot tube

25. Pitot tube

26. Pitot tubes

27. Spectacular effect Bernoulli

28. Ships passing on parallel course
Ships sailing side by side can get too close together (as in picture above, at a certain point during the refueling). When this happens, the Venturi effect takes over, and the ships will head toward an unavoidable collision

29. Bernoulli pull by passing trains

30. An airfoil in a wind tunnel

31. Airfoil lift schematics
An airfoil creates a region of high pressure air below the wing, and a low pressure region above it. The air leaving the wing has a downward flow creating the Newtonian force. Bernoulli pressure field creates the downwash.

32. Flying machines

33. The Magnus effect
Where the cylinder is turning into the airflow, the air is moving faster and the pressure is lower
Where the cylinder is turning away from the airflow, the air is moving slower and the pressure is greater
The cylinder moves towards the low pressure zone

34. Curveballs The Magnus effect! stitches help the ball to catch the air
the baseball curves towards the lower air pressure

35. Physics of golf: dimples on the ball and the Magnus effect
Typical ball spin-rates are:
3,600 rpm when hit with a 10° driver (8° launch angle) at a velocity of 134 mph
7,200 rpm when hit with a 5 iron (23° launch angle) at a velocity of 105 mph
10,800 rpm when hit with a 9 iron (45° launch angle) at a velocity of 90 mph
Dimples cause the air-flow above the ball to travel faster and thus the pressure on the ball from the top to be lower than the air pressure below the ball. This pressure difference (i.e. more relative pressure from below than on top) causes the ball to lift (Magnus effect) and stay in the air for a longer time.
Topping the ball (i.e. when the bottom of the club-face hits the ball above its center) will cause the ball to spin in the other direction - i.e. downward - which will cause the ball to dive into the ground.

36. Flettner rotor ship Buckau (Baden-Baden)
1927

37. Flettner rotor ship E-1 (Kiel 2010)

38. Flettner rotor sail catamaran