1. CHAPTER 14 FISH, AMPHIBIANS, AND REPTILES

2. All are vertebrates and belong to the Phylum Chordata “chordates”
To be a chordate, certain characteristics must be present at sometime during its life.
Notochord (p.395)
- a rod-like piece of cartilage that runs along the dorsal side.

3. - it is present in humans during early development.
- it turns into the backbone.

4. some have a notochord their entire life. (not vertebrates).
Example 1: tunicate

5. Example 2: lancelet

6. nerve chord
turns into the spinal cord.
- carries messages from the brain.

7. gill slits (pharanygeal pouches) - openings in the throat area.
- found in all vertebrates during the embryo stage.
- turns into lungs.

8. All vertebrates have an endoskeleton.

9. Most vertebrates are ectotherms.
“cold-blooded”
- their temperature changes with the environment.

10. Endotherms maintain a constant temperature.
“warm-blooded”

11. FISH
30,000 different species.
- three classes.

12. 1) Class Agnatha “jawless fish” p. 402
simplest vertebrates.
no jaw - has a ‘sucker’ mouth.
- it sucks the fluids out of its host.

13. their skeletons are made of cartilage - no real bones - very flexible.
Ex. Lampreys
attack healthy fish.
- live in the Great Lakes (invasive species).

14. Ex. Hagfish (p. 402)
- attacks dying or dead fish.

15. 2) Class Chondrichthyes (p. 402)
are the cartilaginous fish.
Ex. sharks, rays, skates.
- have skeletons made of cartilage.

16. They have traits of ‘advanced’ fish.
scales
- sharp and pointy.
- not round.
- ‘hydrodynamic’
jaws
- can ‘unhinge’.

17. Sharks most are not dangerous but are efficient predators.
- replaceable teeth that slant inwards.
- sense of smell

18. Largest =
Whale shark
(45 feet long)
‘Meanest’ =
Great White

19. - sharks can reproduce sexually in three different ways.
1) young are born ‘live’.
2) lays eggs
3) eggs ‘hatch’ inside the female.

20. More sharks…
Goblin Shark
Thresher Shark
Basking Shark
Sawtooth Shark

21. More Cartilage Fish
Manta Ray
Skate

22. North Dakota Chondrichthyes
Sturgeon
Paddlefish

23. 3) Class Osteichthyes “bony fish”
largest class of fish. (95%)
Three groups:
lung fish
- have simple lungs and gills.
ex. African lungfish

24. 2) lobe-finned
- fins attach to the skeleton.
Ex. coelacanth

25. 3) ray-finned
paired fins with long bony spines.
largest group.
Ex. walleye, perch, salmon.

26. ASSIGNMENT: WORKSHEET ‘FISH’

27. Features of a Bony Fish
lateral line
- runs along the side of the fish.
- can sense vibrations and electrical currents.

28. gills
- water passes over the gills and they extract oxygen.
- release CO2
- many tiny blood vessels.

29. operculum
- a bony plate which covers the gills.

30. swim bladder
- controls buoyancy.
- fills with air to rise.

31. - no eyelids!
two chambered heart.
reproduces sexually.
nostrils
- a strong sense of smell.

32. - have a complete digestive system.
- stomach, liver, intestines…

34. WHICH CLASS OF FISH? Manta Class Chondrichthyes Lamprey Class Agnatha
Northern
Class Osteichthyes

35. READ “Origins of Fish” p. 406 ASSIGNMENT WORKSHEET: “GO FISH”

36. Class Amphibia “Amphibians” p. 407
Ex. frogs, toads
2,500 different species.

37. Amphibians must live near water.
keep skin moist.
- to reproduce (lay eggs)

38. Many amphibians in Minnesota have been found with deformities in recent years.
linked to the use of pesticides.
- can easily be absorbed thru their skin.

39. Amphibians are ectothermic.
during winter months they become inactive
- slowed metabolism.
- called hibernation.

40. - some become inactive when temperatures are too hot or when water is scarce.
bury themselves underground.
- called estivation.

41. Amphibians need a strong endoskeleton to support their body while on land.
they have a three chambered heart.
- more advanced than fish.

42. Frogs (p. 409)
have lungs but can stay under for long periods of time.
- can absorb oxygen through their skin.

43. - have hinged joints
reproduce sexually
- lay eggs in water.

44. Hundreds of different species and sizes
- colors are often “bright”
-poisonous

45. Toads
can spend more time out of the water.
- skin is ‘bumpier’
- doesn’t dry out.
- but must return to water to reproduce.

46. Salamanders
often confused with lizards.
- smooth skin (no scales).
- amphib with a tail.

47. Caecilians
- a legless, blind amphibian found in rain forests

48. AMPHIBIAN METAMORPHOSIS
- the change in form from egg to adult.

49. egg tadpole adult have gills - must stay in water. develops legs.
tail is absorbed.
begins eating insects
- protein speeds up the process.
adult

50. Usually takes weeks.
warm water and plenty of food will increase the speed of metamorphosis.
- but can take years…

51. ASSIGNMENT WORKSHEET: ‘AMPHIBIANS’

52. Class Reptilia ‘Reptiles’ p. 412
Ex. turtle, snakes, alligator.
they do not have to return to water.
1) scales
- keep moisture in.

53. 2) hard shell - amniotic egg - more durable.

54. All* reptiles have claws.

55. Reptiles have a three chambered heart
Reptiles have a three chambered heart. - provides more oxygen to the body.
have lungs
- are land organisms.
READ ‘Importance and Origin of Reptiles’ (p. 417).

56. Lizards
most are small.
- but the Komodo Dragon can be 10 feet long.

57. most lizards are harmless.
many eat insects.
- some are venomous.

58. More lizards…
Gila Monster
Fringed Lizard
Gecko
Zebra Lizard

59. Alligators

60. Snakes
reptiles without legs.
can unhinge their jaw.
- to swallow large prey.

61. - some are venomous.
Coral Snake
Rattlesnake

62. Some reptiles have shown maternal care.
- the mother protects the eggs and the young after they hatch.

63. Reptiles are more advanced and survivable than amphibians.
- water is the greatest limiting factor.

64. ASSIGNMENT: WORKSHEET ‘ECTOTHERM REVIEW’