1. Book Report Academic Writing for Graduate Students Essential Tasks and Skills (3 rd edition) Asst. Prof. Dr. Siriluck Usaha Department of English for Business Communication School Liberal Arts

2. Academic Writing for Graduate Students Essential Tasks and Skills I. About the Book II. Target Readers III. Approach and Organization IV. What is learnt from the book?

3. I. About the Book

5. II. Target Readers Graduate Students Non-native graduate students EFL/ESL teachers

6. III. Approach and Organization Approach: Analytical & rhetorical Rhetorical Conciousness Raising Cycle

7. Organization: Varied tasks & activities, basic orientation to writing an article for publication Table of Contents

14. IV. What is learnt from the book? How to write articles for publication? I. Reasons for publication II. Overall shape of a research article III. Four sections: IMRD IV. Genre analysis Definition Why GA? V. Abstracts VI. Introductions VII. Methods VIII. Results IX. Discussion

15. 1. Reasons for Publication Sharing findings and contributions (in English) to scholars communities Competition against other research papers for acceptance and recognition Academic promotion and research funds Graduation requirement

16. 2. The Overall Shape of a Research Paper

17. 3. Four Sections: Four Different Purposes

18. 4. Genre Analysis Genre analysis focuses primarily on the organizational structure of texts and the conventional linguistics features associated with a particular genre. That is, each text type conforms to the culturally expected way of constructing texts belonging to the variety. For example, research article introductions have expected textual conventions that are different from research article methods sections (Kanoksilapatham, 2012) Definition of Genre (Swales, 1990)

19. Why Genre Analysis? “To be successful in a publishing research work, scientists, like scholars of other disciplines, need to be able to express the findings and contributions in English. Moreover, they need to present the findings and contributions in a manner that is acceptable and conforming to the requirements of the target journal.” (Swales, 1991 quoted in Kanoksilapatham, 2004, 230) The goal of genre analysis is to identify the rhetorical organization of texts belonging to a given genre.

20. Genre Analysis and Research Articles The genre analysis applied to research articles of each academic discipline elucidates the textual structural conventionally followed by scientists in their respective disciplines. Based of this notion, the terms ‘move’ and ‘step’ are invented to refer to textual units of analysis. ‘Move’ refers to a text segment that performs a communicative function. ‘Step’ is a subunit of a move that, in turn, contributes to the move’s communicative function.

21. Swales’ (2004) model for research article introductions

22. Move structure for biochemistry research article (Kanoksilapatham, 2005) Introduction Section

23. Move structure for biochemistry research article (Kanoksilapatham, 2005) Methods Section

24. Move structure for biochemistry research article (Kanoksilapatham, 2005) Results Sections

25. Move structure for biochemistry research article (Kanoksilapatham, 2005) Discussion Section

26. 5. Research Article Abstracts The abstract is the first part that can be read for getting information about a research article within a few minutes. Most researchers often focus on skimming abstracts and key words. Hyland (2002) states that “the abstract is generally the readers’ first encounter with a text, and is often the point at which they decide whether to continue and give the accompanying article further attention, or to ignore it” (p. 63). According to Pho (2008), “acquiring the skills of writing an abstracts is therefore important to novice writers to enter the discourse community of their discipline” (p. 231).

27. Rhetorical Moves in Article Abstracts

28. Language Use in Abstract Introduction Move : Present simple/ Present perfect Purpose Move: Present/ Past simple Method Move: - Action verb (use, investigate, compare) - Passive voice (was used, was stimulated) - Past simple Product/Result Move: - Perceptive verbs (found, seen, shown, indicated) - Passive voice - Past tense Conclusion Move: - Interpretive Verbs (summarize, conclude, elucidate) - Use hedging words such as might, may should, plausibly, possibly

29. Practice: Identify Rhetorical Moves in Abstract

31. 6. Introduction Sections Creating a Research Space It is widely recognized that writing Introductions can be slow, difficult, and troublesome for many writers. The Introductions of RPs typically follow the pattern in the following figure in response to kinds of competition: Competition for readers and competition for research space. The rhetorical pattern has become known as the create-a-research- space model (or CARS) by Swales (1990).

32. Swales’ Model 2004

33. Language Focus: ‘Move 1- Establishing a research territory’ In Move 1 certain fixed phrases tend to occur as shown in the table below.

34. Language Focus: Citation and tense

36. Language Focus: ‘Move 2- Establishing a niche’

37. Negative Openings in Move 2

38. Language Focus: ‘Move 2- Establishing a niche’

39. Language Focus: ‘Move 3 Step 1- Announcing present research descriptively and/or purposively’

41. Purpose statement and tense

42. Language Focus: ‘Move 3 Step 1- Announcing present research descriptively and/or purposively’ Completing an Introduction

43. Language Focus: ‘Move 3 Step 1- Announcing present research descriptively and/or purposively’

44. Google Scholar hits for some Move 3 Step 1 expression obtained in May 2012

45. Language Focus: ‘Move 3 Step 2- Presenting research questions or hypotheses’ Listing research questions

46. Language Focus: ‘Move 3 Step 5- Announcing principal outcomes’

47. Language Focus: ‘Move 3 Step 6- Stating the values of the present research’

48. Language Focus: ‘Move 3 Step 7- Outlining the structure of the paper’

50. 7. Methods Sections Peacock (2011) examined 288 RP Methods sections in published, data-driven papers from the fields of Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Environmental Science, Business, Language and Linguistics, Law, and Public and Social administration (36 papers from each field). He proposed the existence of seven ‘moves’ in Methods sections.

51. Seven Move in Methods Section by Peacock (2011)

52. Language Focus: Linking Phrases in Methods Sections

54. Frequency of Purpose Clause Types and Verbs

55. 8. Results sections

56. Data versus Results

57. Results versus Discussion

58. Outline of Results Sections in Three Fields

59. Structure of Data Commentary

60. Data Commentary

61. Location Statements: 4 patterns

63. Special verb agreements: Exercise

64. Making comparisons

65. Commentary in results sections

66. Commentary found in results sections

67. Concluding a commentary

68. Specific ways of moderating or qualifying a claim: Likelihood

70. 9. Discussion/ Conclusion Sections The Structure of Discussion/Conclusion Sections

71. Expressions of limitations

72. 10. Acknowledgements

73. Acknowledgements

74. Academic Writing for Graduate Students Essential Tasks and Skills I. About the Book II. Target Readers III. Approach and Organization IV. What is learnt from the book?

75. Thank you