Download presentation
1
Chapter 5 The Skeletal System
Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Seventh Edition Elaine N. Marieb Chapter 5 The Skeletal System Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
2
The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton)
Joints Cartilages Ligaments (bone to bone; tendon is bone to muscle) Slide 5.1 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
3
Divided into 2 divisions
Axial skeleton Appendicular skeleton – limbs and girdle
4
Functions of Bones Support of the body Protection of soft organs
Movement due to attached skeletal muscles Storage of minerals and fats Blood cell formation Slide 5.2 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
5
Bones of the Human Body The skeleton has 206 bones
Two basic types of bone tissue Compact bone Homogeneous (same) Spongy bone Small needle-like pieces of bone Many open spaces Figure 5.2b Slide 5.3 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
6
Classification of Bones
Long bones Typically longer than wide Have a shaft with heads at both ends Contain mostly compact bone Examples: Femur, humerus Slide 5.4a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
7
Classification of Bones
Short bones Generally cube-shape Contain mostly spongy bone Examples: Carpals, tarsals Slide 5.4b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
8
Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape
Figure 5.1 Slide 5.4c Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
9
Classification of Bones
Flat bones Thin and flattened Usually curved Thin layers of compact bone around a layer of spongy bone Examples: Skull, ribs, sternum Slide 5.5a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
10
Classification of Bones
Irregular bones Irregular shape Do not fit into other bone classification categories Example: Vertebrae and hip Slide 5.5b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
11
Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape
Figure 5.1 Slide 5.5c Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
12
Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone
Diaphysis Shaft Composed of compact bone Epiphysis Ends of the bone Composed mostly of spongy bone Figure 5.2a Slide 5.6 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
13
Structures of a Long Bone
Periosteum Outside covering of diaphysis Fibrous connective tissue membrane Sharpey’s fibers Secure periosteum to underlying bone Arteries Supply bone cells with nutrients Figure 5.2c Slide 5.7 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
14
Structures of a Long Bone
Articular cartilage Covers external surface of epiphyses Made of hyaline cartilage Decreases friction at joint surfaces Figure 5.2a Slide 5.8a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
15
Structures of a Long Bone
Medullary cavity Cavity of shaft Contains yellow marrow (mostly fat) in adults Contains red marrow (for blood cell formation) in infants Figure 5.2a Slide 5.8b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
16
Bone Markings - Page 134 Surface features of bones
Sites of attachments for muscles, tendons, ligaments Passages for nerves and blood vessels Categories of bone markings Projections & processes – grow out from bone surface Depressions or cavities – indentations Slide 5.9 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
17
Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
Osteon (Haversian System) unit of bone Slide 5.10a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
18
Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
Central (Haversian) canal Opening in center of an osteon Carries blood vessels and nerves Slide 5.10a
19
Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
Perforating (Volkman’s) canal Canal perpendicular to central canal Carries blood vessels and nerves Slide 5.10a
20
Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
Lacunae Cavities containing bone cells (osteocytes) Arranged in concentric rings Lamellae Rings around central canal Sites of lacunae Figure 5.3 Slide 5.11a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
21
Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
Canaliculi Tiny canals Radiate from central canal to lacunae Form a transport system Figure 5.3 Slide 5.11b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
22
Changes in the Human Skeleton
In embryos, skeleton is primarily hyaline cartilage During development, much of this cartilage is replaced by bone Cartilage remains in isolated areas Bridge of the nose Parts of ribs Joints Slide 5.12 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
23
Bone Growth Epiphyseal plates allow for growth of long bone during childhood New cartilage is continuously formed Older cartilage becomes ossified Cartilage is broken down Bone replaces cartilage Slide 5.13a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
24
Long Bone Formation and Growth
Figure 5.4a Slide 5.14a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
25
Bone Growth Bones are remodeled and lengthened until growth stops
Bones change shape somewhat Bones grow in width Slide 5.13b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
26
Long Bone Formation and Growth
Figure 5.4a Slide 5.14a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
27
Types of Bone Cells Osteocytes Osteoblasts Osteoclasts
Mature bone cells Osteoblasts Bone-forming cells Osteoclasts Bone-destroying cells Break down bone matrix for remodeling and release of calcium Bone remodeling is a process by both osteoblasts and osteoclasts Slide 5.15 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
28
Bone Fractures A break in a bone Types of bone fractures
Closed (simple) fracture – break that does not penetrate the skin Open (compound) fracture – broken bone penetrates through the skin Bone fractures are treated by reduction and immobilization Realignment of the bone Slide 5.16 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
29
Common Types of Fractures
Table 5.2 Slide 5.17 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
30
Repair of Bone Fractures
Hematoma (blood-filled swelling) is formed Break is splinted by fibrocartilage to form a callus Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a bony callus Bony callus is remodeled to form a permanent patch Slide 5.18 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
31
Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture
Figure 5.5 Slide 5.19 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
32
The Axial Skeleton Forms the longitudinal part of the body
Divided into three parts Skull Vertebral column Bony thorax Slide 5.20a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
33
The Axial Skeleton Slide 5.20b Figure 5.6
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
34
The Skull Two sets of bones Bones are joined by sutures
Cranium Facial bones Bones are joined by sutures Only the mandible is attached by a freely movable joint Slide 5.21a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
35
The Skull Slide 5.21b Figure 5.7
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
36
Bones of the Skull Slide 5.22 Figure 5.11
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
37
Human Skull, Superior View
Figure 5.8 Slide 5.23 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
38
Human Skull, Inferior View
Figure 5.9 Slide 5.24 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
39
Paranasal Sinuses Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity Figure 5.10 Slide 5.25a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
40
Paranasal Sinuses Functions of paranasal sinuses Lighten the skull
Give resonance and amplification to voice Figure 5.10 Slide 5.25b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
41
The Hyoid Bone The only bone that does not articulate with another bone Serves as a moveable base for the tongue Figure 5.12 Slide 5.26 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
42
The Fetal Skull The fetal skull is large compared to infants total body length Figure 5.13 Slide 5.27a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
43
The Fetal Skull Fontanelles – fibrous membranes connecting cranial bones Allow brain to grow Convert to bone within 24 months after birth Figure 5.13 Slide 5.27b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
44
The Vertebral Column Vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs
The spine has a normal curvature Each vertebrae is given a name according to its location Figure 5.14 Slide 5.28 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
45
Structure of a Typical Vertebrae
Figure 5.16 Slide 5.29 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
46
The Bony Thorax Forms a cage to protect major organs
47
The Bony Thorax Made-up of three parts Sternum Ribs Thoracic vertebrae
48
YouTube videos - vertebral
49
The Appendicular Skeleton
Limbs (appendages) Pectoral girdle Pelvic girdle Slide 5.32a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
50
The Appendicular Skeleton
Figure 5.6c Slide 5.32b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
51
The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle
Composed of two bones Clavicle – collarbone Scapula – shoulder blade These bones allow the upper limb to have exceptionally free movement Slide 5.33 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
52
Bones of the Shoulder Girdle
Figure 5.20a, b Slide 5.34a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
53
Bones of the Upper Limb The arm is formed by a single bone Humerus
Figure 5.21a, b Slide 5.35a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
54
Bones of the Upper Limb The forearm has two bones Ulna Radius
Figure 5.21c Slide 5.35b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
55
Bones of the Upper Limb Slide 5.35a Figure 5.21a, b
Figure 5.21a, b Slide 5.35a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
64
Clavicle quiz Scapula quiz
65
Bones of the Upper Limb The hand Carpals – wrist Metacarpals – palm
Phalanges – fingers Figure 5.22 Slide 5.36 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
66
Bones of the Pelvic Girdle
Hip bones Composed of three pair of fused bones Ilium Ischium Pubic bone The total weight of upper body rests on pelvis Protects several organs Reproductive organs Urinary bladder Part of the large intestine Slide 5.37 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
67
The Pelvis Slide 5.38a Figure 5.23a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
68
The Pelvis Slide 5.38a Figure 5.23a
Figure 5.23a Slide 5.38a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
69
Gender Differences of the Pelvis
Figure 5.23c Slide 5.39 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
70
Bones of the Lower Limbs
The thigh has one bone, femur Figure 5.35a, b Slide 5.40a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
71
Bones of the Lower Limbs
The leg has 2 bones Tibia Fibula Figure 5.35c Slide 5.40b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
72
Bones of the Lower Limbs
The foot Tarsus – ankle Metatarsals – sole Phalanges – toes Figure 5.25 Slide 5.41 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
73
On line pelvis and lower limb practice
Tutorials Skeletal Coxal, femur, tibia, foot
74
Joints Articulations of bones Functions of joints
Hold bones together Allow for mobility Ways joints are classified Functionally Structurally Slide 5.43 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
75
Functional Classification of Joints
Synarthroses – immovable Amphiarthroses – slightly moveable Diarthroses – freely moveable Slide 5.44 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
76
Fibrous Joints Bones united by fibrous tissue – synarthrosis or largely immovable. Figure 5.27d, e Slide 5.46 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
77
Cartilaginous Joints – mostly amphiarthrosis
Bones connected by cartilage Examples Intervertebral joints Pubic symphysis Figure 5.27b, c Slide 5.47 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
78
Synovial Joints – diarthrosis – freely moveable
Articulating bones are separated by a joint cavity Synovial fluid is found in the joint cavity Figure 5.27f–h Slide 5.48 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
79
Features of Synovial Joints
Freely moveable Articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage) covers the ends of bones Joint surfaces are enclosed by a fibrous articular capsule Have a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid Ligaments reinforce the joint Slide 5.49 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
80
The Synovial Joint Slide 5.51 Figure 5.28
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
81
Structures Associated with the Synovial Joint
Bursae – flattened fibrous sacs Lined with synovial membranes Filled with synovial fluid Not actually part of the joint Tendon sheath Elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon Slide 5.50 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
82
The Synovial Joint Slide 5.51 Figure 5.28
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
83
Types of Synovial Joints Based on Shape
Figure 5.29a–c Slide 5.52a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
84
Types of Synovial Joints Based on Shape
Figure 5.29d–f Slide 5.52b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
85
Inflammatory Conditions Associated with Joints
Bursitis – inflammation of a bursa usually caused by a blow or friction Tendonitis – inflammation of tendon sheaths Arthritis – inflammatory or degenerative diseases of joints Over 100 different types The most widespread crippling disease in the United States Slide 5.53 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
86
Clinical Forms of Arthritis
Osteoarthritis Most common chronic arthritis Probably related to normal aging processes Rheumatoid arthritis An autoimmune disease – the immune system attacks the joints Symptoms begin with bilateral inflammation of certain joints Often leads to deformities Slide 5.54a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
89
Clinical Forms of Arthritis
Gouty Arthritis Inflammation of joints is caused by a deposition of urate crystals from the blood Can usually be controlled with diet Slide 5.54b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
91
Joint Practice Review the following 9 points, using your notes and books. Do this with a partner, but someone that you have NOT yet partnered with before!! 1 Definitions of joints. 2 How are joints classified? 3 Give examples of each functional classification of joints. 4 Features of synovial joints 5 Be able to identify these features on a diagram 6 Other structures associated with synovial joints. 7 Types of synovial joints based on shape 8 Inflammatory conditions associated with joints. 9 Clinical forms of arthritis.
Similar presentations
© 2024 SlidePlayer.com Inc.
All rights reserved.