1. Basic Surgical Instruments
Professor Magdy Amin RIAD
Professor of Otolaryngology.
Ain shames University
Senior Lecturer in Otolaryngology
University of Dundee

2. Principles of instruments handling
Safety (patient and staff)
Economy of movements
Relaxed handling.
Avoidance of awkward movements.

3. The Scalpel ‘Table knife holding’
For routine skin incisions.
Tissue division with minimum trauma.
Index finger guiding the blade
Drawing the whole length of blade.
Blade 15 is the workhorse of sharp dissection
Do not use blunt blades

4. The Scalpel ‘Pen holding’
For finer work.
Blade 10 is used for finer dissection.
Steady the arm by using the little finger as a fulcrum.
Pass scalpels in a kidney dish.
Never pass it point-first across the table.
Change blades by using a haemostat .

5. Sharp dissection Scalpels divide tissue with minimum damage.
Tissues must be stretched to produce least trauma
Tension must be applied at right angles to the direction of cutting

6. Sharp dissection with Scissors
Although less sharp; When properly utilised , the tissue trauma is comparable to scalpel dissection.
One blade tip is hidden from view.
Can be used for sharp and blunt dissection.

7. Sharp dissection with diathermy
Simultaneous partial tissue coagulation and haemostasis.
Particularly useful in cutting muscles.
Collateral tissue damage is a disadvantage.

8. Blunt dissection
Splitting connective tissue close to important structures.
Scissors, artery forceps or dissecting forceps.
Tearing.
wiping

9. Scissors
2 basic types of scissors; one for soft tissue and another for firmer tissues (bone, cartilage ,sutures..)
Never use scissors that are too fine for the job.
Blunt tip.
Edge-contact cutting.

10. Scissors Hold midway between pronation and supination.
Distal phalanges only within the rings.
Index finger over the joint to steady scissors.
Steady scissors further by placing it over fingers of the other hand.

11. Dissecting forceps (thumb) forceps
2 main types:
Toothed for holding tougher tissue with increasing force through the list; ducts, vessels, skin, fascia, cartilage and bone .
Non-toothed for delicate tissues such as encapsulated solid organs; nodes, .
Never crush tissues , hold structures with teeth punctures, rather than by compression between blades.

12. Dissecting forceps (thumb) forceps
Ideal for a temporary and changing grip during dissection.
Used to display structures during dissection.
Can be used to tense loose structures before cutting.
Used as a gentle retractor.
Round-nosed ,non-toothed forceps make an excellent dissector.
Learn to ‘palm’forceps while tying knots

13. Haemostats (Artery forceps)
Hold in a similar manner to scissors.
Dissectors for opening up tissue plans and tracks.
May be used as tissue forceps, needle holders, knot-holding forceps, foreign body extractors, sinus forceps, and stitch removing forceps.

14. Haemostats (Artery forceps)
Learn to release the haemostat using either hand.
For small vessels lock with one click of the ratchet.
For a major vessel tighten the grip further, over-tightening will cause forceps to spring.

15. With minimal jerking and without springing.

16. Haemostats (Artery forceps)
Pick vessels by the tip only, the grip lessens towards the joint.

17. Needle holder Grasp in a similar manner to scissors.
Hold the needle in the tip of the jaws (maximum grip)
Some holders have no ratchet lock e.g. Gilles for finer control

18. Tissue forceps Use when tissues cannot be separated by retractors.
When tissues are slippery,
Or when the direction of traction must be frequently varied.

19. Tissue forceps
Rely for grip on the shape and area of blade, the roughness of opposing surface, interlocking teeth, sharp hooked blades, or a combination of these.

20. Tissue forceps
Allis
Lane
Ring
Babcock
Duval
kocher

21. Retractors
Hold aside tissues to explore deeper structures.

22. Retractors
Hook
Malleable copper
Czerny
Deaver
Self-retaining
Gosset

23. Retractors alternative methods
Tape.
Hands
Dissecting forceps.
Retractors.
Packs.
Tissue forceps.

24. Handling bone
Do not unnecessarily strip off periosteum;It provides bone vascular supply.Its deep layer is rich in osteoblasts.
Exposure; with minimum trauma to retain intact nerve and blood supply of oerlying structures.
Steadying; to prevent tools slipping and bone injury

25. Handling bone
Cutting:
Saw
Chisel
Gouge
Osteotome
Rongeurs

26. Handling bone
Rasping
Drilling
Screwing
Wiring
Stitching