1. Instrumentation - making x-rays
'Laboratory' x-ray tubes
anode
collects electrons
V = 0
filament - hot
gives off electrons
V - approx 40 kV

2. Instrumentation - making x-rays
'Laboratory' x-ray tubes
anode
collects electrons
V = 0 L E K X
filament - hot
gives off electrons
V - approx 40 kV
= hc/E
(Å) = 12.4/kV

3. Instrumentation - making x-rays
'Laboratory' x-ray tubes
anode
focal spot
Filament geometry & electron focusing determine size, shape of
focal spot, which influences size, shape of beam from tube

4. Instrumentation - making x-rays
'Laboratory' x-ray tubes
anode
focal spot
Filament geometry & electron focusing determine size, shape of
focal spot, which influences size, shape of beam from tube
For highest intensity, want smallest size possible, but power
limited by rate of heat transfer in anode

5. Instrumentation - the beam
'Laboratory' x-ray tubes
anode
focal spot
1st problem - tubes usually have liner focal spot w/ finite width
microfocus tubes

6. Instrumentation - the beam
'Laboratory' x-ray tubes
anode
focal spot
1st problem - tubes usually have liner focal spot w/ finite width
microfocus tubes
2nd problem - x-ray spectrum
intensity
wavelength

7. Instrumentation - the beam
'Laboratory' x-ray tubes
anode
focal spot
1st problem - tubes usually have liner focal spot w/ finite width
microfocus tubes
2nd problem - x-ray spectrum
Need beam conditioning
intensity
wavelength

8. Instrumentation - the beam
'Laboratory' x-ray tubes
Pinhole collimator
large intensity loss
spectrum problems remain
beam divergence probs
looking at beam

9. Instrumentation - the beam
'Laboratory' x-ray tubes
Pinhole collimator
large intensity loss
spectrum problems remain
beam divergence probs
Monchromator
nearly single WL
beam size probs yet
intensity
wavelength

10. Instrumentation - the beam
'Laboratory' x-ray tubes
Solns:
Decrease focal spot size
power limited, but
flux still high
spectrum probs remain

11. Instrumentation - the beam
'Laboratory' x-ray tubes
Solns:
Decrease focal spot size
power limited, but
flux still high
spectrum probs remain
Use new optics
flux high
monochromatic

12. Instrumentation - the beam
'Laboratory' x-ray tubes
Use new optics
flux high
monochromatic

13. Instrumentation - the beam
'Laboratory' x-ray tubes
Use new optics
flux high
monochromatic
1-D example:

14. Instrumentation - the beam
'Laboratory' x-ray tubes
Use new optics
flux high
monochromatic
2-D:

15. Instrumentation - the beam
'Laboratory' x-ray tubes
Small focal spot + new 2-D optics + pinholes + distance
small beam
low divergence
monochromatic

16. Instrumentation - saxs system
'Laboratory' x-ray tubes
Small focal spot + new 2-D optics + pinholes + distance
small beam
low divergence
monochromatic