1. Chapter 1 Chemistry: An Introduction
CHY 105: Fundamentals of Chemistry

2. Chapter Outline Chemistry defined Chemistry in context
Examples of chemistry in everyday life
Chemistry in context
The natural sciences
Branches of chemistry
Chemistry in history
Methods of science
Basic vs. applied science
Public vs. private funding

3. Chemistry
Chemistry – study of the matter Materials) of the universe and the changes that this matter undergoes
Matter – anything that has mass and occupies space
Examples of matter and “non-matter”

4. Chemistry What chemists study about the matter: Composition Structure
Properties
Related to composition and structure
Chemical changes the matter will undergo
Relationship between the matter and:
The environment
Human health

5. Chemistry and Everyday Life
Better (?) living through chemistry
Wrinkle-free cotton
Dr. Ruth Benerito (page 4)
CFCs and the ozone layer
Lead paint

7. Chemistry in Context Natural Sciences Physical Sciences
Study of matter and
How energy affects matter
Biological Sciences
Study of living organisms

8. Chemistry in Context
Physical Sciences
Biological Sciences

9. Branches of Chemistry Inorganic Organic
Study of matter this is primarily of mineral (non-living origin)
Organic
Study of carbon containing compounds
Once believed that all carbon containing compounds were of living origin

10. Branches of Chemistry Analytical Physical
Study of matter to determine the identity and quantity of its components
Forensic chemistry is a sub-branch
Physical
Study of the structure of matter and the influence of energy on matter
Materials chemistry is a sub-branch

11. Kevlar Inventor Joins Women's Hall of Fame
Chemical Week, October 8, 2003 — Retired DuPont scientist Stephanie Kwolek, whose research led to the discovery of Kevlar aramid fiber, was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame in Seneca Falls, NY, on October 4. Kwolek joined DuPont in 1946 as laboratory chemist in Buffalo, NY and spent 40 years with the company, mostly at its experimental station at Wilmington, DE. DuPont says nearly 3,000 law enforcement officers have survived potentially fatal or disabling injuries because they were wearing body armor made from aramid fiber. All U.S. combat soldiers have worn Kevlar helmets since the 1991 Gulf War, it says.

12. Branches of Chemistry Environmental Chemistry
Study of pollutants to identify their sources, to determine the quantities present , and to discover ways to address the issues associated with them
Often considered a branch of _____________

13. Branches of Chemistry Biochemistry
Study of reactions that take place in living organisms
Links the biological and physical sciences
Branch of science most important to the medical sciences

14. History of Chemistry Metals
Gold, copper (3000 BCE), bronze (copper/tin alloy, 2000 BCE), iron (1500 BCE)

15. History of Chemistry Chemical Arts Pottery Ceramics Dyes
Embalming techniques
Perfumes
Brewing of alcoholic beverages

16. History of Chemistry Greek Philosophers, ~400 – 300 BCE
First to speculate about the nature of matter
Proposed that all matter is composed of 4 elements
Air, earth, fire, water
Aristotle added a 5th element
Ether – to glow

17. History of Chemistry Greek Philosophers, ~400 – 300 BCE
Democritus proposed an alternate explanation of the matter of the universe
All matter is composed of tiny indivisible particles called atomus
“theory not well supported by Aristotle
Therefore, Democritus’ “theory” was not widely accepted at the time

18. History of Chemistry Alchemy - Two pursuits
Search for a means to convert “base” metals into gold
Search for the elixir of life
Substance that would lead to immortality

19. History of Chemistry Advances from Alchemy
Many new substances where identified
Plaster of Paris, nitric acid….
New lab techniques and equipment developed
New medicines identified

20. History of Chemistry Modern Chemistry, ~1600 on
First to use scientific method
Methodical approach to problem solving
Based on hypothesis testing

21. Modern Chemistry, ~1600 on Boyle (1600’s) Priestly (1700’s)
Studied the affect of pressure on the volume of gases
Priestly (1700’s)
Among other things, first to discover and study the properties of oxygen
Came to US to avoid religious persecution
Some give Schele in Sweden credit for discovering oxygen

22. Modern Chemistry Lavoisier (mid/late 1700’s)
Called the father of modern chemistry
Proposed the law of conservation of matter – matter can neither be created nor destoyed

23. Modern Chemistry John Dalton (1800’s)
Proposed atomic theory
Marie and Pierre Curie ( ’s)
First to study radioactivity
Identified several new radioactive elements
Polonium and radium
Neils Bohr (1900)
Proposed theory of atomic structure

24. The Curies Niels Bohr

25. Scientific Method 1. Make observations
Observations must be recordable and repeatable
Observations may be:
Quantitative
Qualitative

26. Scientific Method 2. Develop hypotheses to explain the observations
Hypothesis – tentative explanation of the observations

27. Scientific Method 3. Perform Experiments
Make predictions based on the hypothesis
If the hypothesis is true……what else will be true
Test accuracy of the prediction
Repeat for all hypotheses
Experiments often lead to new observations and more hypotheses to test

28. Scientific Method Analyze results and share findings and conclusions
Publish results in journals
Present findings at conferences…..
Public versus Private Research

29. Natural Laws and Theories
From scientific research come theories and laws
Theory (also called a model) - explanation of observed behavior based on significant data
Natural Law - statement/summary of observed behavior
Law of conservation of matter

30. Types of Scientific Research
Basic research
scientific research for the sake of knowledge, no immediate application in mind.
Applied research
 scientific research with the short-term goal of solving a specific problem
begin the research with an application in mind.